
Gass H 



RHODE ISLAND BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 



SOME ^^7 

NATIVITY AND RACE FACTORS 



IN 



RHODE ISLAND 



Part 5 of the Annual Eeport for 1909. 




PROVIDENCE: 

K. L. FKEEMA2f COMPANY, STATE PRINTEKS. 
1910. 



1 



M-33o;73 






B 2S 



cA\ 






36 



IMTRODUCTION. 



At no time in the history of the United States has the problem of 
the immigrant been of more vital importance than it is to-day. The 
economic future of this country is being measured by the extent of the 
struggle between labor and capital only in the narrowest sense. Its 
most fundamental basis rests in the economic struggle that the 
immigrant is tending to transform into a race struggle instead of a 
class struggle. The future of American institutions is pictured in the 
light of the influx of foreign elements and their possible assimilation. 
The future occupants of this country are viewed from the standpoint 
of the vast increase of the native elements whose origin lies not in the 
puritan elements' that first settled upon the unattractive shores of 
New England, but in the lands east, and in the north and south of 
Europe. 

The history of American colonization demographically speaking, 
tells better than any other single study, the economic and social 
changes that have taken place in the last century on the European 
continent. First came the English, with their social and religious 
ideals, then the French and German, with their political ideals, and 
in recent years the United States have received the Italians and the 
Slavic races, with their burdens of economic depression and political 
strife of eastern and southern Europe. That this change of the cur- 
rent of migration has come with the changes in the political, social, 
and economic organization of the countries whose peoples have been 
flocking to these shores and filling our cities or cultivating our plains 
or building the ways through the vast stretches of American deserts, 
has long been observed by students of social problems in America and 
abroad. Whether with the spread of civilization and the changes 
that are taking place in the economic and social conditions of the 



222 Nativity and Race Factors. 

countries which are sending out the largest contingent of emigrants, 
the exodus will cease, can not be definitely foretold. But all indica- 
tion points to such a solution of the immigrant problem. Germany- 
is sending fewer immigrants. France can hardly keep abreast with 
its own demand for laborers. English immigration is slowly chang- 
ing its course and the main tide of English emigration is being 
diverted to other sections of the globe. 

On the other hand the slow but steady awakening to the need for 
better conditions has reached the cold regions of Norway and Swe- 
den, and the sunny lands of south Italy, and is making its way into 
the Balkan countries, while the political Pole and the dazed Russian 
are seeking elsewhere an outlet for their higher aspirations, which 
are smothered by oppression and lack of opportunity at home. 

In this country they meet as in a great "melting pot," and here the 
struggle for social standing, political power, economic improvement, 
and intellectual development is waged; a struggle as fierce as any 
race struggle that history records, but also as fair as history can re- 
member. The result may not be foretold. But as progress is the 
result of struggle, the American people bid fair to be a nation of the 
most select and the most fit to uphold a progressive state in a pro- 
gressive way. 

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ETHNIC FACTOR. 

The study of population has long occupied the attention of econo- 
mists and philosophers, and its relation to the social system has 
been the subject of discussion ever since Malthus set forth his famous 
theory of population. The study of increase and decrease of popu- 
lation, and the relation that such increase and decrease bears to the 
social system, has been treated most ably and fully by a number of 
writers, and especially by F. S. Nitti in his work on ''Population and 
the Social System." But these discussions in the abstract of the 
theories of population have never received the consideration due 
them from the standpoint of the quality of population in its bearing 
upon the social system. In other words, the study of population 



Nativity and Race Factors. 223 

-so far has been quantitative and not qualitative. It is true that 
'Galton and his followers have taken a step in the direction of qualita- 
tive demography, but their field and method of study is so limited, and 
its application so narrow, that it belongs more to that line of inquiry 
which adds strength to theories already in existence than to en- 
courage the development of such generalizations as would apply to 
the whole community. 

Odin, in his "Les Grands hommes" has carried the same theory 
upon a broader basis to a point where its close relationship to the 
social condition is clearly shown. It remains for the future demog- 
raphers to bring out the relationship between the qualitative demog- 
raphy and the social system. 

Some attempts along this line have been made, but the basis of 
classification was social rather than organic, and while the results 
were sufficiently distinct to warrant conclusions of importance to the 
demographer, they depend upon such values as are not generally 
applicable. What Odin has done for French and what Galton is 
doing for English genius should be done for every aspect of demo- 
graphic study in every civilized country. We know entirely too 
little about our population, and demography upon which social 
science rests* is still an unexplored field from the standpoint of the 
social philosopher. 

The most significant and the most certain classification of popula- 
tion that is available for qualitative study is the ethnic classification 
which, however complicated from the standpoint of anthropology 
and ethnology, bears certain clear differentiations which lend them- 
selves to demographic study. The historic development of certain 
peoples who are at the present time populating the United States, 
but whose formation and life has until recently been subject to 
different and well-known environments, has made of them distinct 
elements with physical, mental, and social characteristics which 
clearly manifest themselves in the comparative study of these ele- 
ments. It should be borne constantly in mind that these elements 

*Messedaglia: Xi'Economia politica iu relatione colla sociologiae quale scienza a se, Rome, 
1891, page 8. 



224 Nativity and Race Factors. 

may again be considered from the standpoint of their own differ- 
entiations due to local conditions such as differentiate the native 
population of this country. But even when such differentiation is 
not possible the broader ethnic classification is sufficient to warrant 
conclusions which are thoroughly scientific and of extreme sociological 
importance. 

It is to be regretted that such ethnic studies as we propose to make 
of only a small function of the population of this country and only 
in a very limited way has not been made periodically of the whole 
of the United States, as the absence of such studies will forever 
throw a veil upon the ethnic composition of this country whose 
demographic history will never be written. The statistical bureau 
of the United States has not found it possible to trace the ethnic 
origin of the United States any farther back than one generation, 
leaving the ethnic factors to be inferred by contention, rather than 
by accurate statistical measurement. 

ETHNIC factors AND THE AMERICAN INSTITUTION. 

The political institutions founded by the first settlers in America 
were so constructed as to fit the immediate needs of the people. 
With the radical changes in the population of a democracy such as 
this, the problem of determining the amount of influence that is 
foreign to the old commonwealth and its ideals is of extreme im- 
portance. The Italian, coming from a country which is now in its 
inception, with undeveloped conceptions of State and government 
and oppressive economic conditions; the Irish, coming from a land 
of oppression and poverty; the Russian radical, or the igno-peasant, 
with ideas and ideals either too backward or misfitting the condi- 
tions in this country ; the Pole, with his home ties and his temporary 
lack of interest in American institutions; or the Jews, who are just 
beginning to learn the ways of democracy and universal suffrage;: 
and all the other races and nations that are bringing with them ideas 
and ideals foreign to this democracy, must be studied. Their in- 
fluence must be measured from the standpoint of their intellectual- 



Nativity and Race Factors. 225 

possibilities and from the standpoint of their abihty to perpetuate 
the hberal and broad foundations of the government of their adop- 
tion. States such as have ah^eady been the field of foreign immi- 
gration would, under proper investigation, show remarkable ten- 
dencies in legislative matters; and in some cases legislation, when 
considered from the standpoint of the ethnic composition of the pop- 
ulation, would reveal influences which will have a lasting influence 
upon the body politic. The phrase, "the French will go for so and 
so, the Jews will vote for so and so," have become parts of our po- 
litical vernacular, and not once do we meet with opposition in the 
legislatures of various States on the score that certain strong foreign 
elements would not approve of certain legislation, not because of its 
liberality or conservatism, but because it is to a large extent against 
the interest of this or that particular foreign element. 

THE ECONOMIC FACTOR AND THE ETHNIC SEGREGATION. 

In certain communities in the United States, and in no community 
more than in Rhode Island, the occupations of the foreign elements 
represent a certain ethnic segregation that is worthy of note. That 
this segregation is seldom produced by the organic ethnic character- 
istics of the population remains no doubt, as many occupations have 
passed through the hands of succeeding generations of immigrants, 
each coming from a different part of the globe, and each differing 
from the element that preceded it. The economic adjustment of the 
foreign element, however, depends very largely upon the condition, 
physical, or mental, or economic, of the immigrants, as may be seen 
from the constant upward movement of nationalities as they pass on 
into the mass of the American people by ascending the economic 
and social scale at a varying pace. That this constant shifting of 
occupations by ethnic elements in their upward movement consti- 
tutes a problem of great imiportance is shown by the effort that 
labor is now making against immigration in order to maintain stand- 
ards of living such as are considered worthy of a body of workers 



226 Nativity and Race Factors. 

whose economic independence determines the trend of American wel- 
fare and progress. A complete study of the ethnic influence and 
segregation in the United States, with relation to occupation, has not 
been made. As far as possible, with the data at hand, we have at- 
tempted to show in the following pages the influences of the foreign 
elements and the economic conditions under which some of them 
lived in their home country. 

With the changes in the economic, social, and political conditions in 
the countries which are sending us the largest number of immigrants, 
the number of emigrants may diminish, and the problem of the 
immigrant in this country may become a matter of internal adjust- 
ment rather than external, restriction. The very decided decrease 
in the number of immigrants coming from countries that in the early 
part of this century were sending the largest numbers, and the close 
connection of this decrease with radical changes in the government 
and civilization of these countries, are evidences of this tendency. 

the native and foreign-born population in RHODE ISLAND. 

In Rhode Island, as in all other industrial States, the problem of 
the immigrant is very acute and has been growing more and more so 
with the growth of the industries which are particularly characteristic 
of this State. Here the industries have become specialized, and with 
this specialization has come a selection of immigrants who, by their 
economic and social condition, are particularly fitted to enter these 
industries. 

In order to establish a statistical basis for this study from the 
standpoint of the ethnic composition of the population in this State, 
a considerable portion of this work is devoted to the study of the 
present ethnic composition of the population, and the recent changes. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



227 



THE POPULATION. 

As has been stated at the ®utset, the present distinction between 
native and foreign population does not carry with it complete 
racial classification. Rhode Island, as the rest of the United States, 
has grown by immigration, ,and, therefore, nativity as used in this 
work is only a partial index of the foreign element that makes up 
the population of this State. We shall see later how large a por- 
tion of the people of this State is of foreign parentage, bearing in 
mind the fact that these terms are only partially correct. 

Table I. — Comparative Summary by Census Periods op Number Born 
IN Rhode Island, in the United States, and in Foreign Countries, 
Showing the Relative per cent. • 





Total 
Popula- 
tion. 


Born in 
Rhode 
Island. 


Born in the 
United 
States. 


Born in 

Foreign 

Countries. 


Per Cent, of Population. 


Census 
Periods. 


Born in 
Rhode 
Island. 


Bom in 

the United 

States. 


Bom in 

Foreign 

Countries. 


1850 

1860 

1865 

1870 

1876 

1880 

1885 

1890 

1895 

1900 

1905 


147,545 
174,620 
184,965 
217,353 
258,239 
276,531 
304,284 
345,506 
384,768 
428,566 
480,082 


102,641 
109,965 
112,207 
125,265 
135,003 
152,487 
160,136 
179,105 
191,434 
213,761 
239,053 


124,299 
137,226 
146,262 
161,957 
186,609 
202,538 
■ 218,723 
239,201 
261,983 
294,037 
326,928 


23,111 

37,394 

39,703 

55,396 

71,630 

73,993 

85,561 

106,305 

122,775 

134,619 

153,154 


69.57 
62.97 
60.66 
67.64 
62.28 
55.14 
52.63 
51.84 
49.76 
49.88 
49.79 


84.24 
78.59 
78.50 
74.51 
72.26 
73.24 
71.88 
69.23 
68.09 
68.84 
68.10 


15.76 
21.41 
21.50 
26.49 
27.74 
26.76 
28.12 
30.77 
31.91 
31.16 
31.90 



Table I shows the changes that have taken place in the last fifty- 
five years in the population of Rhode Island. In 1850 the foreign- 
born element was only 15.76 per cent., and in a little over a half- 
century it grew to 31.90 per cent, or more than double the earlier 



228 Nativity and Race Factors. 

proportion. Table I, while significant in showing the increasing 
proportion of the foreign elements, is not sufficient to show the 
racial -character of the* population. 

What part of the native element in 1905 was of foreign origin 
will forever remain unknown, or only partially known, to the stu- 
dents of demography. 

Table II gives the countries of birth of the foreign element which 
makes up the foreign-born population, and the changes that have 
taken place during the last forty years. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



229 



Table II. — Foreign Born by Country of Birth. — Census Periods 1865- 

1905. 



THE STATE. 



Austria 

Belgium 

Canada-English. . 
Canada-French . 

China 

Denmark 

England 

Finland 

France 

Germany 

Greece 

Holland 

Hungary 

Ireland 

Italy 

Norway 

Poland 

Portugal 

Roumania 

Russia 

Scotland 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

Turkey§ 



West Indies. 
All others . . . 



Total. 



1865. 



*3,384 

1 

14 

6,478 



1875. 



*3,687 

9 

46 

12,739 



146 
897 

5 
17 

1 

27,030 

37 

29 

5 
75 



Jl,403 
28 
31 



39,703 



1885. 



Ill 
38 



n8,584 

t31 

67 

16,784 



1895. 



401 

2,013 

3 

36 



37,286 

231 

94 

36 

571 



56 

t3,lS6 

809 

104 

7 



178 



71,630 



424 

2,614 

10 

36 



38,895 
760 
107 
166 
818 



129 

3,721 

1,696 

140 

2 

151 

81 

196 



85,561 



513 

412 

6,429 

26,627 

tl31 

231 

22,820 



683 

4,126 

21 

54 



38,226 

5,717 

291 

588 

2,241 

65 

1,696 

5,677 

5,112 

178 

314 

223 

111 

289 



122,775 



1905. 



868 

486 

7,931 

31,569 

301 

293 

24,431 

214 

1,097 

4,463 

249 

112 

119 

32,629 

18,014 

454 

4,104 

5,293 

323 

4,505 

5,649 

7,201 

212 

1,723 

231 

237 

446 



163,154 



* Includes all of British America. t Includes Japan. t Includes Wales. § Includes 
Armenia and Syria. 



230 Nativity and Race Factors. 

A careful examination of the above table shows a decided change 
in the racial stock of the foreign born. While the Irish are still the 
prevailing element in numbers as compared to the other elements, 
since 1875 they have shown no increase, and in 1905 the census shows 
a decided decrease of 14.64 per cent. It is true, however, that the 
other English-speaking elements, while not as large in number, have 
been constantly on the increase. But while up to 1885 the English- 
speaking people of foreign birth far exceeded any other foreign born, 
since that time a considerable change has taken place. The French 
Canadian have taken to a large extent the position that the Irish 
held before 1885, and now Latin peoples and Slavs have come in 
constantly increasing numbers. The Italians, who in 1885 num- 
bered only 760, in 1905 reached 18,014; a faster increase than is 
shown by any other nationality. The Scandinavians, who hardly 
figured in the foreign element of Rhode Island in 1875, have in- 
creased to considerable numbers, and as we shall see later, have taken 
a strong hold in the industries of the State. The Germans, while not 
very numerous, have shown a steady increase in the last forty years. 
Russia, although it has not contributed many of its own people, 
has sent to this State a large element of Jews, who have settled in 
the cities. 

NATIVITY OF POPULATION. ' 

Reference has been made, in the introduction, to the fact that the 
ethnic history of the United States will never be written. We can, 
however, go back one generation to ascertain the parentage of the 
natives. The results will show the immediate ethnic composition 
of the population which is, of course, nearest to the ethnic type that 
has been absorbed into the bulk of the native population. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 
Table III. — Comparative Summary, General, 1895-1905. 



231 



Parentage, 



1895. 
Nati\e Born. 



Total 
Population. 



Per cent, of 

Total 
Population. 



1905. 
Native Boru. 



Total 
Population. 



Per cent, of 

Total 
Population, 



Total 

Both parents native. 
Both parents foreign 
Mixed parentage. . . . 



261,983 

143,610 

89,190 

29,183 



100 . 00 
54. 82 
34.04 
11.14 



326,928 

161,777 

122,743 

42,408 



100.00 
49.48 
37.55 
12.97 



The above table shows the change that has taken place in the ten 
years that elapsed between the census of 1895 and 1905. We note 
that the natives of native parents have decreased from 54.82 per cent, 
of the total population in 1895 to 49.48 per cent, in 1905, or over 
5 per cent., while the number of natives of foreign parents has in- 
creased from 34.04 per cent, in 1895 to 37.55 per cent, in 1905. On 
the other hand the number of mixed parentage has slightly increased. 
It can not definitely be ascertained whether this mixture necessarily 
means an amalgamation of the natives with the foreign born or 
whether it simply means that earlier immigrants are inter-marrying 
with later comers from the same country. Whatever the reason, it 
represents a partial influence toward assimilation. 

A still closer conception of the rate at which amalgamation takes 
place, and how fast the foreign element is changing the ethnic com- 
position of the population, can be gained from the following table: 

Table IV. — Population According to Parentage. 





1905. 


1895. 


1885. 


1875. 


Native parents 


161,777 
318,305 


143,610 
284,946 


144,922 
159,362 


134 722 


Foreign parents 


123,517 




» 


2,180,082 


428,556 


304,284 


258,239 



232 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



Percentage of Population According to Parentage, from 1875 to 1905. 



1905. 



Native parents . . 
Foreign parents. 



33.56 
64.44 



1895. 



1885. 



34.02 
65.98 



47.60 
52.40 



1875. 



52.2 
47.8 



The above summary shows that within thirty years the number of 
natives of native parents has been reduced from more than one-half 
(52.2 per cent.) to one-third of the total population, while the pop- 
ulation of the foreign-born parentage has increased in this time from 
less than one-half (47.8) to about two-thirds of the total. Even 
statistics for so short a period as thirty years reveal how rapidly the 
composition of the inhabitants change. What the future of the na- 
tive population may be if existing conditions do not alter, one hard- 
ly dares to forecast; but certain it is that important ethnic changes 
are facing the State at the present time. 

Table V. — Place of Birth of Father of Native Born. 



Place of Bieth of Fathers of Native Born. 



Rhode Island 

Other United States 

Austria, including Hungary. 

Canada (English) 

Canada (French) 

Denmark • . . • 

England 

France 

Germany 

Ireland 

Italy 

Norway 

Poland 

Portugal 

Russia 

Scotland and Wales 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

Other Countries 



Total 

Fathers. 



99,383 

82,600 

748 

5,990 

28,373 

222 

21,793 

727 

5,903 

52,818 

8,444 

318 

1,425 

3,151 

2,772 

5,982 

4,718 

* 219 

1,340 

326,928 



Per cent, 
to total 
Fathers. 



30.40 

25.26 

.23 

1.83 

8.68 
.07 

6.66 
.22 

1.81 
16.16 

2.58 
.10 
.44 
.96 
.85 

1.83 

1.44 

.07 

.41 

100.00 



Nativity and Race Factoks. 



233 



Table IV 'gives the distribution of the native born according to the 
country of birth of fathers. This table shows that only 55.66 per 
cent, of the native population comes from native stock and that 
24.60 per cent, is of English-speaking stock. 

Table VI.— Comparative Summary; Per Cent, op Increase or Decrease, by 
Place of Birth of Father for Principal Countries. 



Place of Birth of Fathee. 



1895. 


1905. 


Number. 


Per Cent. 


Number. 


Per Cent. 


89,643 


23.30 


99,383 


20.70 


67,595 


18.09 


82,600 


17.21 


8,907 


2.32 


11,963 


2.49 


42,952 


11.16 


60,078 


12.51 


37,769 


9.82 


44,560 


9.28 


8,632 


2.24 


10,479 


2.18 


91,441 


23.77 


88,770 


18.49 


7,678 


2.00 


26,549 


5.53 


10,425 


2.71 


11,960 


2.49 


7,180 


1.87 


11,959 


. 2.49 



Increase 

or 
Decrease. 



Rhode Island 

Other United States 
Canada (English) . . . 
Canada (French) . . . , 

England 

Germany 

Ireland 

Italy 

Scotland and Wales. 
Sweden 



—6.60 

— .88 
+ .17 
+ .35 

— .54 

— .06 
—5.28 
+ 3.53 

— .22 
+ .62 



If we compare the parentage of the natives in 1905 with that of 
1895 for the principal nationalities we find (Table V) that the number 
of persons of native fathers has decreased more than seven per cent., 
and that there has been a corresponding decrease in the number of 
persons of all other English-speaking peoples, while with the excep- 
tion of the Germans there has been an increase in every other impor- 
tant none English-speaking nationality. We see that, as is shown in 
Table II, the native born have proportionally decreased while both 
the natives of foreign parents and the foreign born are increasing 
very rapidly. The increase of immigration in recent years and the 
high birth rate among the foreign born are responsible for the fast in- 
creasing of people of foreign parents in the State. 

A clear idea of the comparatively large numbers of' foreign born 



234 Nativity and Race Factors. 

in this State may be gained by comparing the proportion of foreign 
born in Rhode Island with the proportion in the other New England 
States. We find, as shown in Table VI, that Rhode Island has the 
smallest number of native born of anj^ State in the New England 
section, and that on the other hand it has the highest proportion of 
English and Scotch and a very large proportion of Irish. The State 
also has a very high proportion of the more recent immigrants, but, 
as is evident from the table, Rhode Island by no means leads in the 
number of recent immigrants. This does not mean, however, that 
the tendency is not in that direction, but rather that the large num- 
bers of immigrants who came to this State in earlier periods and 
have now become native, are in such large majority as to offset the 
proportion. This is evident from the fact that in total of foreign 
born, this State shows the largest proportion. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



235 



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236 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



From Table VII as from earlier ones it is impossible to say 
what proportion of the native population belongs to one or the other 
race. Many of the natives and foreigners whose right to be classed 
as Americans dates back only one generation, regardless of the 
Americanizing influences that may and may not have produced 
changes that are characteristic of the earlier American settlers. 

SEX and age distribution of foreign born. 

It is usually found that the distribution of sexes in the foreign- 
born population shows either a larger prevalence of males or a larger 
prevalence of females, depending wholly upon the industial oppor- 
tunities that the community considered represents and upon the 
nativity of the population present. In Rhode Island this condition 
does not exist, as may be noted from the following table : 



Table VIII. — Nativity By Sex and Age Periods. 





Periods of Years. 


Color and Race, 






















U 


Nativity and Sex. 


T3 


-* 


d 


T|5 

o 


2 

o 


O 


CO 

o 


05 

2 


oi 

o 


o 


> 
o 








lO 


o 


UO 


o 


o 
CO 


o 


o 


2 


§ 


The State. 
























Native Born 


9,582 


35,291 


40,857 


37,228 


33,070 


56,519 


42,790 


.30,212 


20,743 


18,692 


2,044 




4,787 
4,795 

89 


17,717 
17,474 

1,361 


20,433 
20,424 

3,765 


18,578 
18,650 

5,635 


16,581 
16,489 

11,884 


27,213 
29,306 

36,012 


20,531 
22,259 

35,570 


14,593 
15,619 

26,911 


10,014 
10,729 

16,847 


8,587 
10,105 

14,287 


826 




1,218 


Foreign Born 


793 




55 
34 


683 

678 


1,839 
1,926 


2,879 
2,756 


5,694 
6,190 


17.303 
18,709 


18,383 

17,187 


13,662 
13,249 


8,157 
8,690 


6,526 

7,761 


339 




454 

















Nativity and Race Factors. 237 

The most important difference in the distribution of sexes is 
found between the ages of 20 to 29, and between 30 to 39 years of 
age. This discrepancy is due to two well-known conditions: In 
the former group there is a larger opportunity for female workers in 
America and in this State between the ages of 20 and 29, and in the 
latter group, where we find more males, the condition may be ex- 
plained by the greater frequency of marriage among the foreigners 
while abroad, and the practice of the married women at home, while 
the head of the family comes to America in search of better con- 
ditions with the expectation of bringing the families later. 



238 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



Table IX. — Showing Foreign-Born Population by Sex. 



Country. 



Austria 

Belgium 

Bohemia 

Canada-English 

Canada-French 

China 

Denmark 

England 

Finland 

France 

Germany 

Greece 

Holland 

Hungary 

Ireland 

Italy 

Norway 

Poland- Austrian .... 

Poland-German 

Poland-Russia 

Poland, not specified 

Portugal 

Roumania 

Russia 

Scotland 

South America 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

Turkey 

Armenia 

Syria 

Not specified 

Wales 

West Indies 

Other countries 

At sea 

Total 



Aggre- 
gate. 



Males. 



486 

57 

7,931 

31,569 

301 

293 

24,431 

214 

1,097 

4,463 

249 

112 

119 

32,629 

18,014 

454 

2,587 

37 

1,47 

3 

5,293 

323 

4,505 

5,469 

86 

7,201 

212 

1,723 

1,128 

379 

216 

231 

237 

255 

48 



153,154 



477 

276 

31 

3,305 

15,56 

297 

162 

11,925 

96 

590 

2,305 

220 

65 

62 

13,141 

10,947 

245 

1,380 

16 

929 

1 

3,130 

158 

2,417 

2,600 

39 

3,400 

111 

1,223 

835 

221 

167 

111 

124 

145 

25 



Females. 



Per 
cent. 
Males. 



75,520 



391 

210 

26 

4,626 

16,002 

4 

131 

12,506 

118 

507 

2,158 

29 

47 

57 

19,488 

7,067 

209 

1,207 

21 

548 

2 

2,163 

165 

2,088 

3,049 

4 

3,801 

101 

500 

293 

158 

49 

120 

113 

110 

23 



54.96 
56.79 
54.38 
41.67 
49.31 
98.67 
55.29 
48.81 
44.85 
53.78 
51.64 
88.35 
58.03 
52.10 
40.27 
60.76 
53.96 
63.34 
43.51 
62.89 
33.34 
59.13 
48.91 
53.65 
46.02 
45.34 
47.21 
52.35 
70.98 
74.02 
58.31 
77.36 
48.05 
52.32 
56.86 
52.08 



Per 

cent. 

Females. 



45.04 
43.21 
45.62 
58.33 
50.69 
1.33 
44.71 
51.19 
51.15 
46.22 
48.36 
11.65 
41.97 
. 47.90 
59.73 
39.24 
46.04 
46.66 
56.49 
37.11 
66.66 
40.87 
51.09 
46.35 
53.98 
54.66 
52.79 
47.65 
29.02 
25.98 
41.69 
22.64 
51.95 
47.68 
43.14 
49.92 



77,634! 



Nativity and Race Factoes. 



239 



Table IX shows clearly that generally speaking there is little 
■difference between the proportion of foreign-born males as com- 
pared to the proportion of foreign-born females of each country 
of birth. The most striking difference is shown by the more newly 
settled immigrants, such as the Italians, the Turks^ and the Arme- 
nians, who show a larger proportion of males than females. The 
Irish born show the largest discrepancy between the number of 
males and females, but the discrepancy is in favor of the females, a 
condition quite different from that generally found. That this dis- 
tribution is due to the large opportunities which women of this class 
of foreigners find for employment in this State, particularly in the 
textile industries, is doubtless, but that the difference should be 
over six thousand out of a total Irish-born population of 32,629 is 
quite surprising. 

AGE DISTRIBUTIOX. 

We have seen that there is little difference in the sex distribution 
•of the foreign born when considered from the standpoint of age, and 
that wherever the differences are found they are mainly concen- 
trated in the age periods of highest industrial efficiency and that 
this difference holds true to a lesser degi'ee among the natives. 

In considering the age distribution of the foreign born as compared 
to the natives we find some very pronounced differences which de- 
serve our attention, and which in later analj^sis will show their im- 
portance, particularly in the distribution of occupations. 

Table X. — Showing the Bistribution of Native axd Foreigx-Borx 

BY Ages. 





Pehiods of .Years. 


Nattvitt. 






















o 
> 




,— 1 






-* 


» 


o 


» 


OS 


05 


o 
















C-l 














■a 


•* 


o> 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


d 


























& 






o 


■o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 




"-• 


lO 






(N 


CO 


"^ 


o 


IS 


X 


Foreign Bom 


0.0 


o.s 


2.6 


3.7 


7.8 


23.5 


23.3 


17.6 


ii.i! 


9.0 


0.6 


Native Bom 


2.9110.7 


12.5 


11.3 


11.1 


17.2 13.1 


9.2 


6.3 


5 .7 


0.6 






• 













240 Nativity and Race Factors. 

The above table shows clearly how widely the natives differ from 
the foreign born in the age distribution. We find that between the 
ages of 20 and 49, the native born are 39.5 per cent, of the total 
native-born population, while the foreign born are 64.5 per cent, of 
the total number of foreign-born persons in the State, or a difference 
of 25 per cent. In the earlier age periods the difference is quite as 
striking as in middle life, where we find the natives under 10 years 
of age aggregate 26.1 per cent., while the foreign born aggregate only 
3.4 per cent. Less striking differences are found in the ages from 
50 years upward, which make a total of 20.7 per cent, for the foreign 
born and 12.6 per cent, for the natives. This larger number of 
older persons of foreign parents is the result of the natural distri- 
bution of age in the case of the natives and the accumulation of per- 
sons of mature age, who after a few years become older without 
having in the earlier years the number of persons which contribute 
towards the more even distribution of age as is the case with the 
native born. 

The differences in age and sex distribution have a strong bearing 
upon two social factors: occupation and fecundity, as will be seen 
from the chapter on this subject which follows. 



CAUSES OF MIGRATION AND THE 
IMMIGRANTS. 



Much has been said m recent years about the problems, social, 
political, and economic, that the incoming immigrants have brought 
upon this country, but aside from casual articles and special studies 
no comprehensive work on the specific causes of modern migration 
has so far been made. If we are to understand the immigrant, if we 
are to look intelligently into the problems that he has and will con- 
tinue to create, we must understand what has brought him here, what 
process of selection his country undergoes in sending its sons and 
daughters in search of new and better opportunities. Is it for 
economic betterment, for educational advantages, in search of free- 
dom, or as a temporary enterprise that is eventually to bring some 
newer ideals, greater intelligence, and with these a partial or complete 
change, in the old regime of the home country? 

This is a study of conditions prevailing in only one State, and an 
■exhaustive study of foreign conditions would make this work appear 
■entirely out of proportion. We shall endeavor however, to outline 
in brief what might be called the emigrant-producing conditions in 
the several countries from which the large majority of the immigrants 
in this State have come. 

Irish. 

There is no country in Europe which has undergone the depleting 
effects of immigration more strikingly than Ireland. A glance at 
Table XI, which gives the comparative progress of the three sections 
of the United Kingdom, shows the normal increase in the population 
of the whole country except Ireland, which since the famine of 1841 
shows a loss.ot almost half its population, and that without account- 
ing for the normal increase resulting from the excess of births over 
•deaths. 



242 Nativity and Race Factors. 

Table XI. — The Population of the United Kingdom, from 1821 to 1901. 





England 

and 
Wales. 


Scotland. 


Ireland. 


Total. 


1821 ■ 


12,000,000 
13,890,000 
15,900,000 
17,900,000 
20,000,000 
22,700,000 
25,900,000 
29,000,000 
32,526,075 


2,000,000 
2,300,000 
2,600,000 
2,880,000 
3,000,000 
3,300,000 
3,700,000 
4,000,000 
4,471,000 


6,800,000 
7,700,000 
8,000,000 
6,500,000 
5,700,000 
5,400,000 
5,170,000 
4,700,000 
4,456,548 


20,800,000 


1831 


24,000,000 


1841 


26,700,000 


1851 


27,300,000 


1861 


28,900,000 


1871 


31,480,000 


1881 


34,880,000 


1891 


37,700,000 


1901 


41,454,578 







The above table, when interpreted in terms of percentage, shows, 
an astonishing change in the rate of increase in population. 

Table XII. — Increase of Population in Great Britain by Per Cent.. 

1821-1841. 





England 

and 
Wales. 


Scotland. 


Ireland. 


Total. 


1821-1841 

1841-1901 


32.50 
104.62 


33.33 
71.96 


17.65 
*44.29 


28.37 
55.26- 







* Decrease. 

The date of the Irish famine corresponds exactly with the period 
of immigration into the United States and the decrease in absolute 
numbers of the inhabitants of Ireland. The first ten years after the 
famine show a decrease of 1,500,000, and the following censuses show 
decreasingly large reductions in the population. There are un- 
fortunately no data concerning the number of Irish who left Ireland 
during the first ten years following the depression, but American 
immigration records bear out the fact that only a small portion of the 
1,500,000 Irish landed upon American shores. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 243 

The cause of this decrease in the population of Ireland is a matter 
of historic importance, and the well-known blunders of English rule 
which imposed upon Ireland a regime that was neither intelligent 
nor human. Industries were curtailed, and the agricultural produc- 
tion of the country limited to amounts such as could be used in the 
interior without the right to sell their produce in England. To this 
was added the system of ''rack rent," and the frequent evictions of 
which Lord Clarke said: "There is not an inch of land in Ireland 
that has not been confiscated at least three times." In 1849 alone, 
90,000 evictions took place, and Sir Robert Peel, in a speech delivered 
on June 8 of that year said: "I do not believe that the annals of any 
civilized or even barbaric country, have ever presented such a picture 
of horrors." 

Mulhall, in his "Fifty Years of National Progress," estimates that 
during the reign of Queen Victoria, 4,186,000 persons left Ireland and 
3,668,000 were evicted. With such an exodus and the abnormal 
decrease in the birth rate all over England and particularly Ireland, 
only a small portion of the population remains to be accounted for 
aside from the high death rate and the emigration which took place 
at that time.* 

The exodus from Ireland may be considered, therefore, as one 
caused by abnormal economic conditions and to a certain extent by 
political discrimination which created oppression unendurable be- 
cause of its political origin aside from the dire need of the most 
essential elements of life. Such is the element that Ireland sent to 
this country and to other parts. of the world, poor, almost to starva- 
tion, injured in pride as a nation, and courageous only by the nature 
of their national characteristics. 

*Paul Leroy-Beaulieu in an article entitled " La question de population," published in the 
Revue des Deux Mondes, October 15, 1S97, gives the following statistics concerning the 
birth rate in England: 



1874-1879. 



1892-1894. 



England 36.0 per 1,000. 

Scotland 35.5 per 1,000, 

Ireland. I 26.5 per 1,000. 



36.5 per 1,000. 
30.5 per 1,000. 
23.0 per 1,000. 



244 Nativity and Race Factors. 

With conditions such as have been briefly referred to above, it 
is evident that the Irish were not wholly a desirable class of immi- 
grants, but they have slowly found their place in America by going 
into the least skilled and poorly paid trades, where the demand for 
labor welcomed their presence and are slowly working their way into 
the better occupations as will be shown later. 

The English and Scotch. 

While the Irish w^ere subject to economic and social conditions that 
caused a wholesale migration, important changes w^ere going on in 
England that overburdened the industrial centers with an excess of 
population which could not be adjusted within the short period 
that conditions seemed to demand. Towards the end of the 
first quarter of the nineteenth century, when England was beginning 
to develop its industries and find markets the world over, in order 
to secure to the workers cheaper supplies and bring in an abundance 
of raw material it opened its doors wide and allowed products to 
come in freely. This made it impossible for the land workers to 
compete, and the farmers were soon driven off their land by the 
sheep and later by the cock and hen. Migration to the cities nec- 
essarily followed, and as many opportunities in the United States for 
intelligent farming were open, migrations to this country began to 
increase very rapidly. But the farmers, through their migration, 
particularly to the cities, created such labor conditions in the industrial 
market as to make emigration very attractive for city dwellers. Not 
only farmers, but skilled workers who could see elsewhere better oppo- 
tunities and who were in demand in other parts of the world, left the 
country and are still leaving it in large numbers. It is, therefore, 
economic conditions, pure and simple, that have increased the emi- 
gration from England in the last three-quarters century, and although 
conditions have been constantly changing the flood of emigration 
from England, it is constantly on the increase. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



245 



Table XIII. — Showing the Emigration from Great Britain from 

1878 to 1905. 



Year. 



1878. . 
1879.. 
1880.. 
1881., 
1882. 
1883. 
1884. 
1885. 
1886. 
1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
. 1905. 



English. 


Scotch. 


Irish. 


Total 

emigrants 

■leaving 

English 

ports. 


72,323 


11,087 


29,432 


147,663 


104,275 


18,703 


41,296 


217,163 


111,845 


22,506 


63,641 


332,294 


139,976 


26,826 


76,200 


392,514 


162,992 


32,242 


84,132 


413,288 


183,236 


31,139 


105,743 


397,157 


147,660 


21,953 


72,566 


303,901 


126,260 


21,367 


60,017 


264,385 


146,301 


25,323 


61,276 


330,801 


168,221 


34,365 


78,901 


396,494 


170,822 


35,873 


73,233 


398,494 


163,518 


25,254 


64,923 


342,641 


139,979 


20,653 


54,484 


315,980 


137,881 


22,196 


58,430 


334,543 


133,815 


23,325 


52,902 


321,397 


134,045 


22,637 


51,132 


307,633 


99,590 


14,432 


42,008 


226,827 


112.338 


18,294 


54,349 


271,772 


102,837 


16,866 


42,222 


241,952 


94,658 


16,124 


35,688 


213,284 


90,679 


15,570 


34,395 


205,171 


87,400 


16,072 


42,890 


240,696 


102,448 


20,472 


45,905 


298,561 


101,585 


20,920 


39,210 


302,575 


137,121 


26,285 


42,256 


386,779 


177.581 


36,801 


45,568 


449,006 


175,533 
170,408 


37,445 
41,510 


58,257 
50,159 


453,877 
459,662 



246 Nativity and Race Factors. 

This table shows that not only has the emigration of subjects of 
Great Britain increased in absolute figures, but that little change in 
the number has taken place in the last twenty-five years. 

Although economic conditions are largely responsible for the im- 
migration from Great Britain, there is no doubt that the Enghsh and 
Scotch emigrants represent a higher type of working man, who^e 
coming to this country has been more of a personal enterprise and 
choice than in the case of the Irish. 

Italians. 

If, generally speaking, Irish immigrants are not coming in as large 
numbers as they did ten years ago (Table II), the Italians are fast 
surpassing in numbers the Irish influx, and their numbers are be- 
coming of prime importance in this State as they have already be- 
come in New York and Massachusetts. While the conditions in Ire- 
land are more or less generally known, the conditions in Italy are 
more often guessed at; and in many cases injustice is done both to 
the Italians as immigrants and to the magnitude of the problem of 
Italian immigration. Seeing that the Italians in this State have 
increased 232.58 per cent, in the last thirty years, it is important 
that we should analyze the condition of the immigrant Italian before 
he gets here and the causes at work in bringing about the emigration 
from Italy in such large numbers as both the Italian and the Amer- 
ican authorities are recording. 

In the figures of the Commissioner of Immigration's report for 
the fiscal year ending June 30, in 1908, we find that a distinction is 
made between the North and South Italians, and that only 19,408 
Italians came from the north of Italy and 147,430 came from the 
south of Italy. This difference in numbers is very striking and of 
significance in the study of the Italian immigration as a whole. 
That there must be some obvious reason for the distinction is evi- 
dent, but what this distinction is we shall endeavor to show in 
the light of economic and social differences which exist in the home 



Nativity and Race Factors. 247 

country. It would be beyond the scope of this work to trace the 
distinctions between the north and the south to its beginning, but 
history shows that throughout the centuries, "North and South have 
always existed, and could not but exist."* Some Italian authors 
carry the distinction further and divide the Italian territory into 
three sections, namely: North, Center, and South. f 

Assuming for the moment that to a large extent the Italian immi- 
grants who come to this country are more or less in the same pro- 
portion as the emigrants who leave Italy for trans-oceanic migration, 
it is interesting to note the proportion of emigrants from each of the 
sections and states of Italy in their relation to the North, Center, and 
South. 



*F. Carabellese. Nord e Sud attraverso e seooli, p. 211. 
tNiceforo Italian! del Nord e Italiani del Sud.-Bocca, Torino, 1901. 



248 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



Table XIV. — The Distribution of Italian Immigrants, According to 
State and Section of the Country, Going to Transoceanic Countries.I 



State and Section. 



Estimated 

Population 

ia 1907. 



Total Number op Emigrants, 



1907. 



1906. 



In 100,000. 



NORD , 

Piemonte . . . 

Liguria 

Lombaodia. 

Veneto 

Emilia 

Centeer 

Toscana. . . , 

Marche 

Umbria. . . . 

Lazio 

:South 

Abruzzi. . . . 

Campania. . 

Puglie 

Basilicata. . 

Calabria. . . 

Sicilia 

Sardegna. . 



14,757,257 
3,423,854 
1,157,784 
4,497,327 
3,368,117 
2,510,175 
5,692,883 
2,656,382 
1,070,055 
688,078 
1,278,368 

12,990,564 
1,455,086 
3,199,158 
2,041,399 
470,385 
1,411,348 
3,571,771 
841,417 



73,177 
26,232 

6,714 
15,506 
14,703 
10,022 
47,023 
13,778 
13,664 

4,096 
15,485 
295,701 
44,024 
70,228 
25,313 
14,685 
46,184 
91,902 

3,365 



89,591 


494 


33,885 


766 


6,630 


580 


20,046 


345 


16,338 


437 


12,692 


399 


41,755 


824 


13,960 


519 


23,811 


1,277 


3,958 


595 


26 


1,211 


364,289 


2,292 


52,002 


3,026 


85,437 


2,195 


29,799 


1,240 


17,788 


3,122 


55,577 


3,272 


121,669 


2,573 


2,017 


400 



605 
992 

577 

448 

488 

507 

732 

527 

2,223 

577 

1,287 

2,824 

3,583 

2,673 

1,467 

3,773 

3,945 

3,398 

241 



tTable derived from the official report of the Commissariato dell'Emgratione, Bull. 23, 1908, 
pages 16, 24, 28. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 249 

The above table shows how clearly the emigration center gravi- 
tates towards the south, and that the south proper furnishes about 
three times as many emigrants in proportion to the population as the 
central section, and five to six times as many as the north. Table 
XIV also shows that in absolute numbers the south furnishes about 
six times as many emigrants as the center and about four times as 
many as the north. With this striking difference in the proportion of 
emigration, and with the somewhat similar distribution of Italian 
immigrants who come to the shores of the United States as related 
to the north and south of Italy, we should consider not only the 
cause of emigration in Italy in general, but the causes at work in the 
specific sections of the country and the quality, if I may so speak, 
of the inhabitants who are now coming into the United States and 
other countries. 

It is well known that Italy at the present time is undergoing a 
transition which promises to change the whole economic system of the 
country. But while this change is being brought about, whole vil- 
lages of Italians are leaving the country, and the extent of this 
movement increases as the conditions of the various sections change, 
and as they are made to feel their economic and social inferiority. 

Let us analyze for a moment some of the economic differences, 
artificial or otherwise, that exist between the different sections of the 
country. 

Although the amount of private property is not always a good 
index of the economic condition of a country, it undoubtedly is 
sufficient to throw light upon the differences between sections of the 
same community.* 

Private Property in Italy Per Person. 

North 2,211 lire. 

Central 2,241 " 

South 1,333 " 

Sicily 1,471 " 

The above shows the difference between the three sections and 
reveals a difference in wealth that is quite striking. That this 

* Niceforo, Italiani del Nord e Italiani del Sud, p. 436. 



250 Nativity and Race Factors. 

difference in wealth is due to difference in economic conditions has 
been repeatedly shown by Italian and American students. Statis- 
tics of the number of persons employed in industries, the amount 
of steam and water power used in manufacture, the imports and ex- 
ports of manufactured products and practically all other important 
aspects of industrial life and development show that the north is 
much farther advanced than in the south.* 

But it is not industry alone that economically distinguishes the 
north from the south. Agriculture in that fair land of sunshine and 
beautiful skies has been more fortunate in the north than in the 
south. In 1894 the proportion of arable land in Italy w'as much 
lower in the south than in the north. 

The following are the percentages: 

Unfertile land. 

North Italy 17.0 

Central 19.3 

South Italy , 21 .9 

Sicily 27.4 

Sardinia 28.0 

Aside from the large areas of infertile land in the South the land 
in the North is more commonly fit for Extensive farming than the 
south, while the marshy lands which make the country unhealthful, 
and therefore reduce the agricultural possibilities, are very frequent 
in Southern Italy. With such difference in the productive possibil- 
ities of the three sections it is obvious that the revenues of the State 
would be proportionally higher in the north as compared to the south, 
and figures in the Minister's of Finance report bring out this fact 
very clearly. 

Hand in hand with the backward economic development of the 
south we find a very low standard of living. If we take such food as 
meat, we find that the north consumes 17.9 kilograms per person, 
the center 17.3, and the south only 7.0 per person.* Considering 
luxuries such as tobacco, sugar, and coffee, we find the same differ- 
ence. 

* Niceforo, pp. C. 375-446. 



Nativity and R,ace Factors. 



251 



The following table taken from Niceforo gives an idea of the 
proportion of the use of these luxuries per person: 



Tobacco. 


Sugar. 


Coffee. 


North 


gr. 806 
gr. 539 
gr. 379 


kl. 10.0* 
kl. 10.7 

kl. 7.7 


kl. 3.20 
kl. 2.60 
kl. 1.81 


Center 


South " . . . 





With an inferior economic development and a lower standard of 
living it would naturally follow that the social and physical develop- 
ment of the people would vary in the same way, and as we shall see 
they do vary quite strikingly. 

Anthropologists and ethnologists in Italy have long and carefully 
studied the ethnic differences of the races that to-day are making 
efforts to form one people out of an amalgamation of the most 
varied and distinct types. The most significant aspect of this ques- 
tion from the standpoint of immigration, however, is the superiority 
of the physical type which has been studied most carefully by Dr. 
Livi,* of the Italian army, and which leaves no doubt as to the in- 
feriority of the southern Italian as a human type. That this dif- 
ference in the physical development of the North and South Italian 
is very closely connected with the standard of living has well been 
shown by Celli in his work on ''Experimental Hygiene," which was 
first presented in his course of lectures at the University of Rome. 

As a natural consequence of poor economic conditions in the South 
the intellectual development has been retarded. The South has 
fewer libraries and fewer schools than the north. The expenditures 
for schools in the South fall short of the expenditures for the corre- 
sponding educational facilities of the north. Illiteracy is eight times 
higher in the lowest South than it is in the north, and the expen- 
ditures on elementary education per inhabitant are three times higher 
in the north as compared with the south. 

* Dr. Rodolfo Livi, Anthropometria Militare, 1898. This work is the result of a study of over 
a quarter of a million persons between 20 and 25 years of age. 
5 



252 Nativity and Race Factors. 

With the vast differences between the north and south of Italy, 
it is clear that the north Italian would be a more desirable immigrant. 
The figures as shown in this chapter indicate a very much greater 
immigration from the south than from the north, and the figures of 
the United States Commissioner of Immigration bring out this 
fact : This State has mostly south Italians, but their desirability as 
compared to the north Italian cannot be measured on account of the. 
absence of data relative to such a distinction here. 

The Germans. 

Arsene Dumont, the French demographer, in an article published 
in the Journal de la Societe de Statistique de Paris (I) says, that 
"Emigration into new countries is characteristic of peoples that are 
still crude or partially civilized. It presupposes simple tastes, shghtly 
developed intellectual and esthetic tastes. . . . This was the 
case with the English in the seventh century, and with the poor 
German emigrants in the eighteenth century, with the Spanish in 
the sixteenth, and of the humble Russian peasants who, little by 
little, have annexed immense territories to the large domains of their 
race." 

In the same article Dumont goes on to say: "The true colonist 
must have a passion for country life and for the family, must love 
solitude or at least must endure it easily, must despise city life and 
artificial enjoyments." It may also be added that times of social 
transition and radical economic changes are not a negligible force in 
determining emigration. 

The above gives us a clear insight into the present trend of migra- 
tion and expresses clearly a philosophy of emigration which has 
been realized in facts that modern statistics clearly show. If 
instead of the English and German and French immigrant the doors 
are to be open to Italians, Hungarians, Russians, Roumanians, 
and other peoples in transition from the simple rural life to the 
more complicated industrial life, it is also found that the laborer, 

(1) Journal de la Soci^t6 de Statistique de Paris, 1900, p. 8 Jsp'. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 253 

the farmer, the man without a trade is the most ready to 
leave. This is particularly true if we consider Germany, which at 
one time was sending to this country as many immigrants as Italy 
has been sending within recent years. The disturbed balance of 
private enterprise, production through a development in industries, 
and the increased possibilities of the city have changed the trend 
of migration. What the Italians call "urbanism," has changed the 
aspirations and ideals of the people, and in that way has reduced the 
amount of emigration in Germany. 

Aside from the economic changes in young Germany which contrib- 
uted to the increase of emigration, the movements for freedom which 
caused so much uneasiness and discomfort to its adherents were of no 
minor influence in determining not only the number, but also the 
quality of the emigrants. This fact and the possibilities offered in 
the new countries, both for economic and political betterment, have 
contributed to the causes of German migration. That the possibil- 
ities of the United States were alluring for the Germans is shown by 
the figures given in the annual reports on emigration and the Gotha 
Almanac regarding the number of emigrants directed towards the 
United States as compared to those going to other countries. 



254 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



Table XV. — German Immigrants Coming to the United States as Com- 
pared TO Total Number of Emigrants Leaving Germany. 



Years. 



Leaving 
Germany. 


Going 
to the 
United 
States. 


220.000 


216,000 


203,000 


199,000 


173,000 


167,000 


149,000 


144,000 


116,000 


105,000 


82,000 


78,000 


104,000 


101,000 


103,000 


99,000 


96,000 


90,000 


97,000 


85,000 


120,000 


108,000 


116,000 


107,000 


75,000 


87,000 


40,000 


34,000 


37,000 


30,000 


33,000 


27,000 


24,000 


19,000 


22.000 


17,000 


24,000 


19,000 


22,000 


19,000 


22,000 


19,000 


32,000 


29,000 


36,000 


33,000 


27,000 


26,000 



1881. 
1882, 
1883. 
1884. 
1885 
1886. 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 



The above table shows distinctly that the larger part of the emi- 
grating multitudes were destined for the United States, and also that 
after 1893 the number of emigrants decreased materially and has so 
far not regained its original extent. 

It must be said also that while Ireland sent to this country its 
paupers and dispossessed, Italy is sending to us the unskilled and 
illiterate, while Germany has been sending among its free immigrants 



Nativity and Race Factors. 255 

some of its most skilled workers and best citizens. Since 1820, the 
first date for which reliable records can be had, Germany has sent to 
the United States about 5,500,000 persons, and in 1900 it was found 
that 7,800,000 persons had one or both parents of German origin and 
that 2,000,000 had been born in Germany. These figures prove that 
not only have the Germans come here in large numbers, but they 
came here to stay and make their home as the early English have 
done. ■ 

Russians. 

Under the head of Russians we must be cautious to classify and 
distinguish the many different racial types that form the bulk of the 
immigrating masses into this country. 

The immigration commissioners ' reports show a constantly increas- 
ing number of immigrants coming from Russia and Finland, but 
unfortunately no discrimination is made regarding the racial char- 
acter of this influx. It would seem that with the constantly increasing 
immigration from Russia more detailed data would be gathered. 
TVTost of what has been said of the existence of certain classes of Rus- 
sian subjects has been based upon a, very limited amount of statis- 
tical conjecture which can not be accepted as scientific fact. It is 
unquestionably true that most of the Russian element is of Hebrew 
descent, and that only a limited number of families of Russian 
l)lood join the ranks of the emigrants. Finland, which is the most 
civilized section of that vast empire, has within recent years sent 
large numbers of immigrants to the United States, and the next cen- 
sus will probably find that the Finns have increased very considera- 
bly and that they are taking their place with the industrial workers 
of this country. 

That most of the emigration from Russia is due to political and 
social conditions which involve discrimination against certain races, 
classes, and particularly political beliefs, is a truism that needs no 
proof. The people who come from Russia represent the best and 
most advanced elements in the population, the result of a process of 



256 Nativity and Race Factors. 

selection for the which the Rvissian government is itself responsible- 
That with the economic and educational development of the people 
will come an exodus of the peasant population must be anticipated, 
unless the government can so adjust social and economic conditions 
as to meet the demands that will come with the development of the 
minds of the working people. 

Aiistro-Hungnj-ij. 

Among the races that within recent years have come to the first 
rank from the standpoint of emigration, Austro-Hungary is coming 
to be an important factor in the United States. Within the last ten 
years Austro-Hungary has come to occupy^the first place in point of 
numbers of immigrants coming to this country. England and Italy 
were formerly the countries from which most emigrants came. But 
Austro-Hungary, with its differences in nationality, its racial conflicts,, 
the breaking away from the traditional nationalistic struggles, and 
the vastly more advantageous opportunities for economic betterment 
elsewhere, has started an emigration movement that is not likely to 
decrease for many years. 

The 1900 census shows the ra:ces coming from Austria and Hungary 
into the United States to number 1,000,000. In the case of Austria 
and Hungary, the immigration statistics do furnish sufficient inform- 
ation regarding the distribution of the races, and the United States 
census has given statistics which show that about 430,000 of the 
Austro-Hungarians are Austrians, 350,000 are Bohemians, 316,000 
are Hungarians. In a sense these figures help to measure the extent 
to which the emigration from these sections is going on; but as in 
these sections there are many other races represented which are 
clearly distinct, the figures given are of slight value. 

AustrO-Hungary is one of the best illustrations of the disturbed 
equilibrium that has taken place within recent years, through its 
rather incomplete and new industrial development. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



257 



A clear idea of the increase and extent of the immigration from 
Austro-Hungary, may be gained by the following table : 

Table XVI. — The Number of Persons op Each Nationality and Race, 
IN Austro-Hungary, Admitted to the United States in the Last 
Six Years.* 



Race or Nationality* 


1904. 


1905. 


1906. 


1907. 


1908. 


1909. 


Bohemian and Moravian 

<^roatians and Slavonians 

Dalmatians, Bosnian and Her- 


11,911 
21,242 

2,036 
12,780 
23,883 

9,592 


11,757 
35,104 

2,639 
18,604 
46,030 
14,473 


12,958 
44,272 

4,568 
14,257 
44,261 
16,257 


13,554 
47,826 

7,393 
25,884 
60,971 
24,081 


10,164 
20,472 

3,747 
13,720 
24,378 
12,361 


7,604 
24,622 

2,205 




16,306 




34,568 




18,494 






Total 


81,444 


128,607 


136,573 


179,709 


84,840 


103,599 







It can be seen from the above table hov/ the immigration from 
Austro-Hungary fluctuated with the economic depression in the 
United States, as was found to be the case with other nationalities. 
Up to 1906; however, the immigration even for so short a period as 
three years shows a very decided increase. 

That this large movement of the population from Austro-Hungary 
is due to certain economic disturbances in the agricultural condition 
of the country and the partial industrializing of the cities and towns, 
has been recognized by many economists and one of the ablest 
Hungarian economists and statisticians, Count Mailath,* considers 
the movement as entirely abnormal and temporary. 

So far the Austro-Hungarians have followed the stages of the 
earlier unskilled workers, such as the Irish and Italians. What 
their future industrial and social possibilities will be only the future 
can tell. 

♦Annual Reports of the Commissioner General of Immigration. Revue Eronomique Inter- 
nationale — June, 1905. 



258 Nativity and Race Factors. 

In order to make this study complete from the standpoint of con- 
ditions prevaihng in the home countries of the different races and 
nationahties it might have been desirable to discuss some other home 
countries, but the limits of this study as planned at the beginning, 
and in the some instances the scantiness of the material necessary for 
such a study, made the carrying out of such work impractical. What 
study has been pursued shows clearly that we have in this country, 
and incidentally in the State of Rhode Island, people whose coming 
here has been caused by varied conditions ranging from economic 
national inefficiency to political oppression. What becomes of the 
people after they settle in this State from the economic and social, 
point of view, we shall endeavor to show in the following pages,. 



FECUNDITY. 



There is no more difficult statistical subject in the whole field of 
demography than the study of fecundity from the standpoint of race, 
and that is due not so much to the subject itself as to the absence of 
adequate data which would furnish direct information regarding 
parentage at least two generations back. We shall see later that 
marriage is more common among foreign born than among native, 
and also that natives of foreign parentage marry less frequently than 
either the native of native parents or of foreign born. The latter 
element, which is rapidly increasing in the United States, stands, 
therefore, in a class by itself from the standpoint of nuptiality, al- 
though this element lives under practically the same conditions as 
the newly arrived foreign population. 

FECUNDITY AND CONJUGAL CONDITIONS OF THE NATIVE AND FOREIGN- 
BORN POPULATION IN RHODE ISLAND. 

Not less than fourteen years ago Pierre Leroy Beaulieu, the French 
statistician, pointed out the remarkably slow mcrease of the popula- 
tion of New. England and discussed fully what is called the ''Maine 
Law"* of nativity, named after the State of Maine, which showed the 
lowest nativity (17.9) of all the New England States. 

Other writers, both at home and abroad, have recently discussed 
this very important question, and theories of the most diverse and 
most radical nature have been advanced. Rhode Island does not 
fail to enter into the class of States in which the increase of the native 
element presents a grave and puzzling problem. In the following 



* Pierre Leroy Beaulieu — La Natalite dans les Pays neufs h. civilisation avaacee. — Econo- 
miste Francais; Mai, 1896, Paris. 
6 



260 Nativity and Race Factors. 

pages the conjugal condition and fecundity from the standpoint 
of nativity will be considered. 

nuptiality. 

It has often been asserted that nuptiality, or the conjugal condition 
of the population, determines the birth rate and the natural increase 
of the population. In countries like Austria, Roumania or Russia, 
where births out of wedlock are very common and where the 
legal requirements of marriage are such as to make the formalities of 
marriage a difficult and costly procedure, the relation between the 
marriage rate and the birth rate is distorted and statistically incorrect. 
On the other hand in the United States, France and England, where 
the conditions of civilization and culture have stimulated an artificial 
control of fecundity, the conjugal condition is still less an index of 
probable birth rate unless social classes and racial divisions were 
equally possible of classification. The condition of social classes 
from the standpoint of nuptiality, as we shall see later, is only to a 
limited extent within the reach of statistical study while the ethnic 
factors are also partially so on account of the inadequacy of the sta- 
tistical data at hand. 



The figures concerning the marital condition of the population 
at the time of the last three Rhode Island State censuses are 
given in the followino; tables. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



261 



Table XVII. — Conjugal Condition of Males, 15 Years of Age and Over, 
OP Native and Foreign-Born Population in Rhode Island. 





1885. 


1895. 


1905. 


Conjugal Condition. 


Native. 


Foreign. 


Native. 


Foreign. 


Native. 


Foreign. 




28,998 

34,721 

3,036 

388 


11,607 

22,399 

1,923 

43 


36,652 

39,945 

3,776 

381 


18,116 
32,620 

2,872 
54 


46,536 

47,226 

4,075 

508 


22,421 

44,046 

3,488 

109 












Total 


67,143 


35,971 


80,754 


53,662 


98,345 


70,064 





Table XVIIa. — Conjugal Condition of Males, 15 Years and Over, of 
Native and Foreign-Born Population, from 1885 to 1895. 





1885. 


1895. 


1905. 


Conjugal Condition. 


Per 

cent. 

Native. 


Per 

cent. 

Foreign. 


Per 

cent. 
Native. 


Per 

cent. 

Foreign. 


Per 

cent. 
Native. 


Per 

cent. 

Foreign. 


Single 


43.19 

51.71 
4.52 
0.58 


32.27 

62.27 

5.34 

0.12 


45.38 

49.46 

4.68 

0.48 


33.57 

60.79 

5.35 

0.29 


47.32 

48.01 

4.14 

0.53 


32.00 

62.87 

4.98 

0.15 






Divorced 




Total 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 





262 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



Table XVIII. — Conjugal Condition op Females, 15 Years of Age and 
Over, op Native and Foreign-Born Population in Rhode Islani> 
FROM 1885 to 1905. 





1885. 


1895. 


1905. 


Conjugal Condition. 


Native. 


Foreign. 


Native. 


Foreign. 


Native. 


Foreign. 




28,520 

35,263 

8,480 

623 


13,454 

22,273 

5,950 

98 


36,396 

40,109 

9,612 

656 


17,742 

31,914 

7,948 

91 


45,393 

48,473 

11,026 

833 


20,087 




42,69» 




9,234 




229 






Total 


72,886 


41,775 


86,773 


57,695 


105,725 


72,240 







Table XVIIIa. — Conjugal Condition of Females, 15 Years and Over, 
OF Native and Foreign-Born Population in Rhode Island, from 
1885 to 1905. 





1885. 


1895. 


1905. 


Conjugal Condition. 


Per 

cent. 
Native. 


Per 

cent. 

Foreign. 


Per 

cent. 

Native. 


Per ' 
cent. 
Foreign. 


Per 

cent. 

Native. 


Per 

cent. 

Foreign. 




39.13 

48.38 

11.63 

0.86 


32.20 

53.32 

14.24 

0.24 


41.94 

46.22 

11.08 

0.76 


30.75 

55.31 

13.78 

0.16 


42.94 

45.85 

10.43 

0.77 


27.81 




59.09 




12.78 




0.3^ 






Total 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100. OO 



Nativity and Race Factors. 263- 

An analysis of Tables XVII, XVIIa, XVIII, and XVIIIa re- 
veals some remarkable facts concerning the conjugal condition of 
native and foreign-born persons in this State. It will be noticed 
that the number of single males during the period that elapsed be- 
tween the three censuses has increased from 43.19 per cent, of 
the total number of persons 15 years of age and over to 45.38 
per cent, in 1895 and to 47.32 per cent, in 1905. During the 
same period the percentage of married males born in the United 
States has decreased from 51.71 per cent, to 48.01 per cent. In the 
same period, it is also significant to note, there is practically no 
change in the number of widowed and divorced, in spite of the con- 
stantly alarming statements regarding the increase of the latter 
element. That this is due to a greater frequency of ulterior mar- 
riages is quite possible. 

In striking contrast to the marital conditions of the natives are 
the figures concerning the foreign born. The proportion of married 
persons among the foreign born by far exceeds the proportion of the 
same class among the natives. If we compare the proportion of 
married persons as reported in the last three State censuses, we find 
that while the proportion of married native males and females 
has constantly decreased relative to the total number of persons,, 
the proportion of married foreign-born males has remained prac- 
tically the same, while the proportion of married females has con- 
stantly decreased. 

It is also evident that the number of foreign widowed is larger than 
that of the native and that the widowed males are less numerous than 
the widowed females. This latter fact may be due to several causes. 
The mortality of males is higher than that of females, and conse- 
quently a large number of females would become widows. The 
greater frequency of remarriage among widowed males is another 
reason for this difference. The slightly larger number of widowed 
among foreigners is due to the slightly higher mortality of the for- 
eign born and a larger proportion of persons married which would 
yield a larger mortality among such persons. 



264 Nativity and Race Factor.s. 

The number of divorced persons appears very small, and the differ- 
ence between the divorced natives and the foreigners of the same 
class is quite striking, particularly in the case of females. This is of 
course due the religious belief (Catholicism) of the majority of the 
foreign elements (Irish, Italian, French, Canadian, etc.). But these 
figures are not conclusive in any way. Family desertions which 
•separate the parties without legal sanction, the frequent remarriage 
of the divorcees, and the tendency to give widowed instead of divorced 
when information is asked of parties by census enumerators, tend 
to distort the figures relative to widowed and divorced. 

A more accurate idea of nuptiality by nativity may be gained 
from a classification of married persons by age and by parentage as 
related to place of birth. This aspect of the subject we shall con- 
sider in the following section. 

CONJUGAL CONDITION OF MALES AND FEMALES IN 
1890 AND 1900. 

While the figures of the three State censuses indicate certain con- 
ditions of nuptiality which are significant, the true import of the nup- , 
tiality figures can not be derived from a classification into natives 
and foreign born of the population. The conditions of the natives of 
foreign parents are so different from the conditions of the natives, 
and present such a contrast to the condition of the foreign born, that 
a classification on the basis of parentage as well as place of birth are 
important. Such a classification is impossible from the j&gures of 
the State censuses, and for this reason it will be necessary to use the 
figures of the federal censuses, which are given in the tables at the 
«nd of this work. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 265 

MALES. 

The conjugal condition of the males in Rhode Island for the year 
1900 shows some interesting differences between the three classes 
of population considered. In the case of the native white of native 
parents we find that the per cent. (0.70) married under 20 years of 
age is lower than the nuptiality of the native white of foreign parents 
(0.42 per cent.) and lower than either the nuptiality of the foreign 
born (0.80 per cent.), or of the colored (0.89 per cent.). These 
figures seem to indicate a very important condition, namely, that the 
native white of foreign parents have a lower nuptiaUty than either 
the natives of native parentage or the foreign born. Whether this 
condition is due to a rise in the standard of living, or whether the 
rise in the standard of living is not sufficiently coupled with a rise in 
the economic condition of the natives of foreign parents to permit of 
an early marriage, is difficult to ascertain. 

What is true of the ages between 15 and 19 is found to be true 
of all ages, namely that the marriage rates of the native white of 
native parents for each age group is considerably lower than the 
marriage rate of the native white of native parents and of the 
foreign born. (See tables at end of this bulletin.) 

Another important fact that is apparent from the figures in tables 
above mentioned is that in all age groups, except 55 years and over, 
the proportion of widowed is higher among the native white of for- 
eign parentage and the foreign born. In the case of the divorced the 
native white show a higher proportion than the natives of foreign 
parents and the foreign white. In all cases the number of divorcees 
is larger in middle life than in the earher or later periods in life. 

The fact of the lower nuptiality of the native white of foreign 
parents can hardily be overestimated, as it furnishes at least partial 
clew to what seems to be a decrease in the native stock. If this prin- 
ciple of the low nuptiality has been a constant factor among the na- 



266 Nativity and Race Factors. 

lives of foreign parents in previous years, the alarming increase of 
the foreign born and the apparently fast decrease in the native 
stock, are facts which have not been finally and accurately established. 

MALES, 1890 and 1900. 

In order to ascertain the existence of the low nuptiahty among 
the native white males of foreign parents over a longer period of 
time, we have compared the figures of the federal censuses for 1890, 
with the figures for 1900. As is apparent from the tables on conju- 
gal condition the nuptiality of the native males of foreign parents 
for 1890 is lower than the nuptiality of the native males of the na- 
tive white parents and of the foreign born. This is not the case for 
either census period after 65 years of age, but the per cent, of wid- 
owed (30.55 for 1890 and 34.18 for 1900) more than compensate for 
this difference. 

Another interesting fact is shown by the nuptiality figures for 
1890, where we find that the foreign born show a lower per cent, of 
married persons (18.27) than the native born. This, of course, is 
due to the greater frequency of immigration without families in the 
earlier period of immigration into this State, and also to the type of 
immigrants who in the earlier periods of immigation were of a type 
that in the home country shows a smaller tendency towards early 
marriage. 

FEMALES, 

As in the case of the native white males of foreign parents, the 
females of the same nativity for 1900 show a lower per cent, of married 
persons than either the native white females of native parents or 
the foreign born. Contrary to the case of the males, the females of 
foreign parents under 20 years of age show a higher per cent, of 
married persons than the native born and more than twice as high a 
per cent, than the native white females of foreign parents. In all 
other respects the condition shown by the figures relating to the 



Nativity and Race Factors. 267 

nuptiality of the males in 1900 applies also to the females, with the 
natural differences which the greater frequency of marriages among 
females would cause. 

female, 1890 and 1900. 

There is nothing that can be added to the interpretation of the 
comparative figures for the females aside from the principles which 
appear in the figures that apply to the male population. 



FECUNDITY. 



The figures relative to fecundity of native and foreign born 
naarried women are contained in the table that follows. 

Table XIX. — Fecundity of Native and Foreign-Born Married Females, 
15 TO 45 Years of Age. 



Number of Children. 



No children 

1 child 

2 children 

3 " 

4 " 

5 " 

6 " 

7 " 

.8 " 

9 " 

10 " 

11 " 

12 " 

13 " 

14 " 

15 " 

16 " 

Total married 



Native, 

Total 

Married. 



10,447 

8,591 

6,464 

4,004 

2,439 

1,647 

1,130 

799 

467 

291 

247 

96 

83 

34 

14 

10 

13 



36,776 



Per cent, of 

Total 

Married. 



28.41 

23.36 

17.58 

10.89 

6.63 

4.48 

3.07 

2.17 

1.27 

.79 

.67 

.26 

.22 

.09 

.04 

.03 

.04 



100.00 



Foreign- 
Bom 
Married. 



5,753 

5,396 

5,023 

4,020 

3,166 

2,498 

2,007 

1,495 

1,175 

823 

588 

354 

291 

156 

97 

56 

62 



32,960 



Per cent, of 
Total. 



17.45 

16.37 

15.24 

12.20 

9.61 

7.58 

6.09 

4.54 

3 .57 

2.50 

1.78 

1.07 

.88 

.47 

.29 

.17 

.19 



100.00 



As the number of illegitimate children in the United States is very 
limited the above table relating to the fecundity of married females 
only may be taken as the representative of the fecundity of the 



Nativity and Race Factors. 269 

two classes of married women contained in the above Table, it will 
be noted that 28.41 per cent., or more than one-fourth, of all the 
native married women are childless; that almost 52 jDer cent., or 
over one-half the native mothers, have less than four children, and 
the number constantly and rapidly decreases from that point on. 

Of the foreign mothers, on the other hand, only 17.46 per 
cent., or less than one-sixth, are childless, and only 43.81 per cent., 
or about two-fifths, of the married mothers have from one to 
three children, the others having more than three. This difference 
of fecundity is due to many causes, both social and economic. The 
difference in the ages at marriage, between the two classes makes 
the period of probable child bearing of the natives shorter than 
that of the foreign born who marry much earlier and therefore have 
a longer period of probable child bearing. It is also probably due 
to the difference in social conditions in the two classes, which have 
in all civilized countries tended to reduce fecundity artificially 
or naturally. 



270 



Nativity axd Race Factors. 



Table XX. — Native-Borx Married Females, 15 to 45 Years of Age, Inclu- 
sive, Classified by Number of Children, for the State, Showing Per 
Cent, by Age Periods. 



MOTHKRS. 
OF 


ii 

•go 

O-i'o 


Per Cent, of M.\.rried, by Age Periods. 




15 


16 


17 


18 


19 


20 


31 


23 


33 


24 


35 


36 


27 


28 


1 child 

9 child'-'^" 


23,36 

17.57 

10.89 

6.63 

4.48 

3.07 

2.17 

1.27 

.79 

.67 

.26 

.23 

.09 

.04 

.03 

.01 

.02 

.01 

71.59 

28.41 

100.00 

1 


8.33 


13.51 


26.92 

3.85 

.96 


34.20 
8.23 

.86 


40.34 

8.24 

.57 


38.58 

13.39 

3.57 

.89 


34.91 

15.90 

4.32 

.41 

.13 

.13 


33.19 
15.59 
4.85 
.95 
.52 
.11 
.21 


35.78 

17.53 

5.90 

2.24 

.89 

.27 

.09 


32.30 
17.13 
9.38 
3.35 

.98 
.24 
.08 
.08 
.08 


28.19 

18.36 

8.12 

3.82 

1.23 

.69 

.34 

.07 
.07 


31.43 

18.34 

10.89 

3.72 

2.55 

.55 

.14 

.07 


28.73 

18.17 

11.78 

4.22 

2.31 

1.02 

.61 

.07 

.07 


26.50 
19.95 


3 








11.26 


4 ' 






5.63 


5 ' 












3.31 


6 














1.59 


7 ' 










.28 




.49 


8 










.18 




.12 


9 ' 


















.06 


10 












.18 




.11 




.06 


11 ' 






















12 ' 






















.07 






.06 


13 ' 




























14 






























15 
16 
















.11 









































17 






























IS 


































13.51 

86.49 


31.73 

68.27 


43.29 
56.71 


49.43 
50.57 

100.00 


56.79 
43.21 


55.80 
44.20 


55.64 
44.36 


62.70 
37.30 


63.62 
36.38 


60.96 
39.04 


67.69 
32.31 


66.98 
33.02 




Mothers 

Childless 


8.33 
91.67 


69.03 
30.97 


Total DD 


larriec 


100.00 


100 00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



271 



Table XX. — Native-Born Married Females, 15 to 45 Years of Age, Inclu- 
sive, Classified by Number of Children, for the State, Showing Per 
Cent, by Age Periods. 



Per Cent, of Married, by Age Periods. 



89 


30 


31 


32 


33 


34 


35 


36 


37 


38 


39 


40 


41 


43 


43 


44 


45 


•26.17 


24.15 


23.99 


21.25 


22.13 


18.01 


19.06 


21.44 


17.91 


17.71 


15.82 


18.04 


16.93 


16.91 


16.65 


17.59 


18.69 


19.97 


18.63 


21.02 


18.53 


19.38 


18.56 


18.56 


19.11 


17.48 


17.07 


16.63 


13.84 


16.51 


17.20 


16.49 


16.14 


17.15 


10.90 


12.81 


14.14 


11.80 


12.01 


14.32 


12.54 


10.99 


12.99 


11.30 


13.64 


11.89 


11.94 


11.44 


12.12 


11.81 


9.70 


6.72 


6.49 


7.74 


8.68 


7.78 


8.37 


8.15 


7.58 


8.95 


8.42 


7.73 


8.81 


10.07 


10.35 


8.99 


8.49 


7.97 


4.05 


3.37 


4.78 


5.18 


5.63 


5.58 


5.40 


6.42 


6.07 


6.47 


8.02 


5.91 


6.44 


6.63 


6.19 


7.05 


7.19 


2.09 


3.37 


3.02 


3.78 


3.22 


4.56 


4.28 


3.89 


4.77 


5.12 


4.45 


4.08 


4.88 


5.17 


5.36 


5.61 


4.50 


1.24 


1.23 


1.05 


1.95 


3.29 


3.04 


3.54 


3.00 


3.03 


3.35 


4.08 


3.31 


4.15 


3.64 


3.96 


4.84 


4.37 


.46 


.46 


.03 


1.12 


1.34 


1.39 


1.18 


2.73 


1.66 


2.83 


3.19 


1.83 


3.12 


2.41 


3.38 


2.04 


2.57 


.07 


.20 


.21 


.33 


.54 


.76 


.90 


1.02 


1.59 


1.24 


1.19 


1.18 


2.18 


2.56 


2.07 


2.38 


2.18 


.07 


.15 


.21 


.06 


.47 


.76 


.51 


1.09 


.79 


1.35 


.97 


1.54 


1.77 


1.68 


1.48 


2.63 


1.86 








.11 
.11 


.40 
.13 


.06 

.13 

.06 


.06 
.11 


.20 
.20 
.14 


.14 
.29 
.29 


.65 
.41 
.12 
.06 
.06 


.97 
.67 
.15 
.15 


.47 
.71 
.35 
.12 
.06 


.52 
.73 
.21 


1.17 
.07 
.29 
.15 
.07 


.74 
.99 
.16 
.16 
.08 


.85 
.76 
.42 
.09 
.09 
.09 


.58 








.71 








.19 






.07 






.13 




.05 






.06 


.07 


.07 
.07 


06 




























.12 
.06 


.07 


.12 






.08 
.08 


06 






















.07 




71.74 


70.91 


76.86 


72.90 


76.32 


75.60 


74.35 


77.88 


76.10 


76.34 


77.73 


72.26 


79.45 


79.81 


78.98 


80.88 


77.91 


28.26 


29.09 


23.14 


27.10 


23.68 


24.40 


25.65 


22.12 


23.90 


23.66 


22.27 


27.74 


20.55 


20.19 


21.02 


19.12 


22.09 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 

■ 



272 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



Table XXI.^Foreign-Bohn Married Females, 15 to 45 Years of Age, In- 
clusive, Classified by Number of Children, for the State, Showing 
Per Cent, by Age Periods. 



Mothi:r>:. 

OF 


L 

■a o 
■go 
$ u 

^s 

gc 
i.'B 
aJs 

16.37 
15. 2i 
12.20 
9.60 
7.60 
6.08 
4.54 
3.56 
2,50 


Per Cent, or M.\kkie[), b\ 


AciE Periods. 




15 


16 

8.70 


17 


18 


19 


30 


21 

43.23 
15.14 

4.18 
1.79 


22 

35.85 

20.88 

6.54 

2.14 

.38 

.38 

.25 


23 

33.14 

24.58 
9.26 
3.78 
.80 
.34 
.11 
.11 
.11 


24 


25 


26 


27 


28 


1 child 

2 children. . 
3 


26.92 


29.61 
5.92 


37.23 

10.75 

1.43 

.36 

.38 

.36 


37.77 

13.51 

2.15 

1.17 

.39 

.20 


29.55 

22.74 

11.33 

5.28 

2.30 

.77 

.19 

.10 

.10 


27.82 

21.59 

12.84 

6.86 

3.15 

1.26 

.63 

.24 


25.00 

22.55 

16.09 

7.64 

3.44 

1.59 

.67 

.41 

.34 


22.32 

22.73 

16.19 

11.45 

4.41 

1.64 

1.23 

.41 

.25 

.08 

.08 


21.28 
21.42 
14 89 


4 










11.35 


5 










5 39 


6 










3.90 












1 77 


8 
















64 


9 ■■ . . 


















.28 


10 


1.7S 
1.07 
.8S 
.47 
.21 
.17 
.08 
.05 
.06 

82.. 54 
17.46 

10.000 


















07 


11 


















.11 








07 


12 " .. 


























13 






























14 


























.16 




15 •■ . . 




























16 




















.10 










17 




























18 

































100.00 


8.70 
91.30 

100.00 


26.92 
73.08 


35.53 
64.47 


50.54 
49.46 


55.19 
44.81 


64.34 
35.66 


66.42 
33.. "iS 


72.34 

27.66 


72.46 
27.54 


74.39 
25.61 




80.95 
19.05 

100.00 




Mothers 

Childless 


77.79 
22.21 

100.00 


81.06 
18.94 


Total married 


100.00 


1 
100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



273 



Table XXI. — Foreign-Born Married Females, 15 to 45 Years of Age, In- 
clusive, Classified by Number of Children, for the State, Showing 
Per Cent, by Age Periods. 



Per Cent, of Married by Age Periods. 



39 


30 


31 


32 


33 


34 


35 


36 


37 


38 


39 


40 


41 


43 


43 


44 


45 


18.73 


17.39 


14.57 


13.73 


1 
12.99J 12.73 


11.49 


9.70 


9.17 


9.95 


9.75 


9.06 


8.64 


9.47 


9.21 


8.96 


9.31 


19.06 


18.34 


18.37 


16.79 


13.68 14.82 


14.00 


13.33 


12.47 


11.51 


10.35 


10.24 


10.41 


10.83 


9.02 


11.22 


8.72 


16.22 


16.72 


16.79 


14.82 


15.37 13.63 


13.07 


12.83 


11.65 


12.67 


9.82 


10.03 


9.57 


11.33 


9.12 


8.96 


10.35 


11.03 


11.98 


12.35 


12.98 


12.22 


10.65 


10.05 


13.33 


11.04 


1(5.76 


11.58 


9.84 


7.18 


10.46 


9.94 


8.33 


10.07 


7.30 


9.06 


9.08 


10.94 


9.61 


11.02 


12.02 


9.05 


11.19 


9.49 


9.43 


8.77 


9.89 


8.39 


9.58 


8.05 


8.44 


4.22 


5.43 


6.76 


5.99 


9.22i 9.3S 


8.92 


9.27 


9.54 


9.03 


9.05 


8.53 


7.70 


8.97 


6.90 


7.87 


7.76 


1.87 


2.74 


2.96 


4.55 


5.15 


4.02 


5.54 


8.25 


7.89 


8.18 


7.44 


7.17 


7.18 


7.10 


8.29 


7.87 


6.82 


.81 


1.23 


2.11 


2.79 


3.69 


4.54 


4.84 


4.19 


5.11 


6.27 


6.13 


6.83 


7.80 


6.60 


6.08 


6.43 


7.23 


.49 


.67 


1.48 


1.09 


2.31 


2.16 


2.39 


3.98 


4,21 


3.62 


4.75 


[4.27 


5.52 


5.38 


6.08 


5.79 


5.44 


.24 


.11 


.63 


.75 


.85 


1.49 


1:52 


1.74 


3.16 


2.65 


3.53 


3.54 


6.14 


3.95 


4.42 


4.80 


4.15 




.17 


.11 


.20 


.69 


.15 


1.05 


1.67 


1.95 


1.67 


1.84 


1.84 


2.71 


2.30 


3.13 


3.08 


3.34 




.22 


.21 


.07 


.46 


.60 


.35 


.58 


1.28 


1.15 


1.99 


2.28 


2.29 


2.15 


2.76 


2.99 


2.11 






.11 


.14 
.14 





.15 


.23 


.14 
.07 
.07 
.07 


.22 
.30 
.08 


.51 
.40 
.05 
.06 


1.07 
.54 
.46 
.08 
.23 


1.21 
.58 
.48 
.05 
.10 
.15 


1.25 
.83 
.31 
.31 
.20 
.31 


1.01 
.50 
.57 

.72 
.08 


1.93 

1.20 

.92 

.28 
.28 
.18 


1.63 
1.54 

.81 
.27 
.18 
.27 


1.97 






1.16 




.06 






.07 




.34 








.08 


.20 














.20 




















.06 


.41 






















79.97 


84.12 


85.53 


84.98 


86.32 


85.41 


85.47 


88.27 


89.26 


88.03 


88.04 


84.97 


88.24 


89.81 


89.32 


89.05 


88.02 


20.03 


15.88 


14.47 


15.02 


13.68 


14.59 


14.53 


11.73 


10.74 


11.97 


11.96 


15.03 


11.76 


10.19 


10.68 


10.95 


11.98 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


lOO.OC 


lon.oo 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 



274 Nativity and Race Factors. 

It is unfortunate that neither the census nor the reports of the 
health department give the birth rate in relation to the number of 
years married, and consequently nothing regarding the relation of 
fecundity to period of married life can be considered. The only 
measure available in the State of Rhode Island is the relation between 
absolute sterility and fecundity regardless of the number of children, 
and this measure can be obtained from the admiralile taliles prepared 
by the Bureau of Industrial Statistics in connection with the census 
for 1905, as shown in tables XX and XXI. 

In order to reach any conclusion let us compare the number of 
married women 15 to 45 years of age and observe the difference in the 
number of childless persons in the classes of population at present 
under consideration. Compared age for age, the percentage of child- 
less married women is much larger among the natives than among 
the foreign born, and this is particularly marked during the ages of 
40 and 45, when we have the following percentage in the order of 
years, 27.74, 20.55, 20.19, 21.02, 19.12, 22.09, for the natives, as com- 
pared to 15.03, 11.76, 10.19, 10.68, 10.95, and 11.98, respectively, for 
the foreign born. It will be noticed that at the ages of 40 and 45, in 
both cases, there is a large number of childless mothers. This may 
be due to the frequent mistatement of age, which tends to center 
about the five and ten-year period, particularly in childless women, 
who as a rule, preserve a larger sense of their advancing age at 
about this period in life. 

fecundity and social conditions. 

The influence of social condition upon fecundity can only be meas- 
ured in indirect terms and is, therefore, only partially accurate. 
The employment of women has long been considered a hindrance to 
normal child bearing, and although statistical data at the present 
time do not wholly present the subject in its varied aspects, we 
have at least the data concerning the employment of married 
women between the ages of 15 and 45, and the number of children 
they have. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



275 



Table XXII. — Native and Foreign-Born Married Females, 15 to 45 
Years of Age, Gainfully Occupied According to Number of Chil- 
dren. 



Number of Children. 



Childless. . . 

1 child. . . . 

2 children. 
3 



4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 



N.iTivE Born*. 



« 



1,858 

1,093 

634 

360 

208 

147 

64 

53 

30 

24 

18 

5 

4 

3 



17.78 

12.71 
9.79 
8.99 
8.52 
8.92 
5.66 
6.63 
6.42 
8.24 
7.56 
5.20 
4.81 
8.82 

14.28 
110.00 

23.07 



8,589 

7,498 

5,830 

3,644 

2,231 

1,500 

1,066 

746 

437 

267 

229 

91 

79 

31 

12 

9 

10 



fu 



82.22 
87.29 
90.21 
91.01 
91.48 
91.08 
94.34 
93.37 
93.58 
91.76 
92.44 
94.80 
95.19 
91.18 
85.72 
90.00 
96.93 



Foreign Born. 



1,498 

833 

569 

346 

267 

183 

96 

90 

78 

387 

31 

14 

13 

2 

3 

1 



25.59 
15.43 
11.32 
8.60 
8.45 
7.32 
4.78 
6.02 
6.52 
4.61 
5.27 
3.95 
4.46 
1.28 
3.09 
1.78 
3.22 



4,355 

4,563 

4,454 

3,674 

2,999 

2,215 

1,911 

1,405 

1,117 

785 

557 

340 

278 

154 

94 

55 

60 



74.41 
84.67 
88.68 
91.40 
91.55 
92.68 
95.22 
93.98 
93.48 
95.39 
94.73 
96.05 
95.54 
98.72 
96.91 
98.22 
96.78 



The value of this table lies in the evident larger proportion of 
foreign married women workers and their decidedly reduced fecundity 
as compared to the number of unemployed married women of the 
same class. The figures also show that employment is less of an im- 
pediment to fecundity in native married women workers than among 
foreign born women, although on the whole their fecundity is much 
lower than that of the foreign born. Whether this is due to the kind 
of occupation that the foreign-born women are compelled to enter 
upon, or whether it is due to the longer period during which married 



276 Nativity and Race Factors. 

women of foreign birth are working, can not be exactly determined, 
but in the chapter on race and industry it will be seen that the em- 
ployment at a more advanced age is more common among native 
than among foreign born females. 

The most striking fact in the above table appears in the figures for 
women with more than six children. Here we find that the native 
women workers are far in excess of the women workers of foreign 
birth engaged in gainful occupations. That this is due to the 
generally lower social condition of women with more than six chil- 
dren, among the natives, can hardly be questioned. Statistically, 
however, little light can be thrown upon this very important aspect 
of the relation between motherhood and occupation. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



277 



illiteracy and fecundity. 

Table XXIII. — Number of Children of Native and Foreign Born 
Mothers According to Literacy, 1905 



Mothers of — 



No children. 

1 child 

2 children. . 
3 



9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 



16 children and over. 



Total 36,104 98.17 



10,332 

8,483 

6,385 

3,922 

2,371 

1,595 

1,100 

772 

438 

272 

217 

86 

74 

29 

12 

6 

10 



P-, 



98.90 
98.74 
98.78 
97.95 
97.21 
96.84 
97.35 
96.62 
93.79 
93.47 
87.85 
89.58 
89.16 
85.29 
85.71 
60.00 
76.92 



115 

108 

79 

82 

68 

52 

30 

27 

29 

19 

30 

10 

9 

5 

2 

4 

3 



672 



1.10 

1.26 

1 .22 

2.05 

2.79 

3.16 

2.65 

3.38 

6.21 

6.53 

12.15 

10.42 

10.84 

14.71 

14.29 

40.00 

23.08 



5,009 

4,573 

4,297 

3,382 

2,587 

1,999 

1,576 

1,161 

890 

618 

437 

257 

217 

114 

62 

35 

35 



87.07 
84.75 
85.55 
84.13 
81.71 
80.02 
78.53 
77.66 
75.74 
75.09 
74.32 
72.60 
74.57 
73.08 
63.92 
62.50 
56.45 



1.83 27,249 82.67 5,711 17.33 



744 
823 
726 
638 
579 
499 
431 
334 
285 
205 
151 
97 
74 
42 
35 
21 
27 



0, 



12.93 
15.25 
14 .45 
15.87 
18.29 
19.98 
21.47 
22.34 
24.26 
"^4.91 
25.68 
27.40 
25.43 
26.92 
36.08 
37.50 
43.55 



* R. R. Kuczinski — The fecundity of the native and foreitin born population of Massa- 
chussetts. Quarterly Journal of Economics, November, 1901, February, 1902. 



278 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



Table XXIV. — Showing Per Cent, of Mothers as Related to Literacy 
'and Number of Children. 



1 child — 

2 children. 
3 



9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 



Mothers. . 
Childless. 



MOTHEHS OF 



Peh Cent, of Mar- 
ried Literate and 
Illiterate. 



Native- 
Bom. 
Literate. 



Native- 
Bom. 
Illiterate. 



Married. 



23.50 

17.68 

U0.86 

6.56 

4.42 

3 05 

2.14 

1.21 

.75 

.60 

.24 

.21 

.08 

.03 

.02 

.01 

.02 

.01 



71.39 
28.61 



100.00 



16 


07 


11 


75 


12 


20 


10 


12 


7 


74 


4 


46 


4 


02 


4 


32 


2 


82 


4 


46 


1 


.49 


1 


.34 




.74 




.30 




.60 




.15 



Per Cent. Married, 

Literate and 

Illiterate. 



Foreign- 
Born. 
Literate. 



Foreign- 
Born. 
Illiterate. 



.30 



82.88 
17.12 



100.00 



16.78 

15.76 

12.41 

9.49 

'7.33 

5.78 

4.26 

3.26 

2.27 

1.60 

.94 

.80 

.42 

.23 

.13 

.06 

.03 

.05 



81.60 
18.40 



100.00 



14.41 

12.71 

11.47 

10.13 

8.73 

7.54 

5.84 

5.00 

3.59 

2.64 

1.70 

1.30 

.75 

.61 

.37 

.23 

.16 

.09 



86.97 
13.03 



100.00 



Nativity and Race Factors. 279 

Although illiteracy is not strictly on ethnic factor, ethnic factors 
are closely related to illiteracy, and in Table XXIV, we find that only 
a sHght per cent, of the native are illiterates, while of 27,240 of the 
foreign-born married women, 5,711, or over one-fifth, are illiterate. 

But while the number of illiterate foreign females is much larger 
than the number of native illiterate females in the matter of child- 
bearing, no definite relation can be found. In a small way it may 
be said that illiterate women, both native and foreign born, show a 
larger number of children than the literate women; but this fact 
apphes to the natives in almost the same degree as among the 
foreign born. 

RELIGION AND FECUNDITY. 

How important the religious factor is in determining fecundity is 
practically impossible to ascertain. Tables XXV and XXVI show, 
however, a distinct difference in the fecundity of married females 
of different religions which is worthy of notice. 



280 



Nx\TiviTY AND Race Factors. 



Table XXV. — Showing the Fecundity of Native-Born Married Fe- 
• MALES According to Religion. 



Numb 


EE OF Children. ^ 

O 


o 


4^ 

a 

a 
Ph 


^6 
"3 

s 

a 
a 

B 
o 


P-( 


1-5 


d 
m 

o 

0-, 


S 
< 


1 chile 


i 25 . 06 


5,936 

4,407 

2,452 

1,404 

846 

492 

352 

234 

108 

86 

42 

38 

9 

3 

5 

5 

7,272 


20.14 

15.66 

11.89 

7.93 

6.17 

4.85 

3.45 

1.79 

1.41 

1.25 

.42 

.35 

.19 

.09 

.04 

.06 

24.31 


2,597 

2,020 

1,534 

1,023 

795 

625 

445 

231 

181 

161 

54 

45 

25 

11 

5 

8 

3,135 


33.07 

22.05 

11.03 

6.30 

3.15 

1.57 

1.57 

1.57 

.79 


42 
28 
14 
8 
4 
2 
2 
2 
1 


25.39 
14.29 
6.35 
6.35 
3.17 
1.59 


16 


2 chile 


iren 18.61 


9 


3 


10.35 


4 


4 


5.93 


4 


5 


3.57 


2 


6 


2.08 


1 


7 ' 


1 45 




8 


99 






9 


46 


1.59 


1 


10 


37 




11 


18 










12 ' 


16 










13 


04 










14 


01 










15 


02 










16 


02 










Childle 


ss 30.70 


18.90 


24 


41.27 


26 









Nativity and Race Factors. 



281 



Table XXVI. -Showing the Fecundity of the Foreign-Born Married 
Females According to Religion. 



Numb 


EH OF Children'. 

3 


1 
2 

PL, 


a 

CD 

ID 
Ph 


6 

"5 

a 

a 

B 



a 

V 


(-1 
Ph 


lU 
1-5 


a 

S 





1 chile 


1 19.96 


2,003 

1,882 

1,354 

943 

630 

466 

267 

246 

127 

91 

35 

25 

13 

6 

2 

5 

1,941 


14.70 

13.53 

11.41 

9.71 

7.99 

6.62 

5.41 

4.07 

3.08 

2.25 

1.44 

1.23 

.66 

.43 

.28 

.27 

16.92 


3,127 

2,878 

2,426 

2,065 

1,701 

1,419 

1,150 

865 

655 

478 

306 

260 

140 

91 

58 

54 

3,597 


15.04 

15.78 

15.24 

9.63 

10.49 

7.48 

4.95 

4.28 

2.74 

1.20 

.87 

.40 

.20 


225 

236 

228 

144 

157 

112 

74 

64 

41 

18 

13 

6 

3 


25.15 
16.57 
7.36 
8.59 
6.14 
6.14 
2.45 


41 


2 chik 


iren 18 . 75 


27 


3 


13.49 


12 


4 
5 


' 9.40 

6.28 


14 
10' 


6 


4.64 


10 


7 


2.66 


4 


8 

9 

10 


2 45 




1 26 






91 


.61 


1 


11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
Childle 


' 35 




95 






13 






06 






02 


.07 

.20 

11.43 


1 

3 

171 






05 






ss 19.34 


26.99 


44 









The above table shows a decided difference in the fecundity of the 
married natives and foreign-born mothers. Certain it is that what- 
ever factors may co-operate in determining the fecundity as shown 
in the above table, there seems to be a constant relation between 
the Catholics and Protestants, as far as the comparison between 
natives and foreign born are concerned. 



282 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



NATIVITY AND FECUNDITY. 

The fecundity of married females by nativity is unquestionably 
the most reliable basis of comparison that we have, and the follow- 
ing table shows some striking differences. 

Table XXVII. — Foreign-Born Married Females, 15 to 45 Years of Age, 
Inclusive, for the State, Showing Per Cent, of Specified Classifi- 
cations. 



Mothers. 



1 child 

2 children. . , 

3 " .. 
4 

5 " .. 

6 " ... 
7 

8 

9 " .. 

10 " .. 

11 " .. 

12 " .. 

13 " .. 

14 " .. 

15 " .. 

16 " .. 

17 " .. 

18 " .. 

Mothers 

Childless 

Total married 



Pi d 



16.37 

15.24 

12.20 

9.60 

7.60 

6.08 

4.54 

3.56 

2.50 

1.78 

1.07 

.88 

.47 

.29 

.17 

.08 

.05 

.06 






82.54 
17.46 



100.00 



89.88 
87.64 
82.11 
81.14 
78.05 
76.32 
72.91 
70.31 
69.97 
67.35 
64.10 
61.71 
57.59 
56.11 
54.88 
49.55 
40.07 
38.46 



Per Cent. M.\rried, by Nativity. 



a 



21.13 

15.51 

11.60 

8.23 

6.33 

4.02 

3.06 

1.96 

1.01 

1.20 

.60 

.65 

.25 

.15 

.05 



.10 



75.85 
24.15 



100.00 



o 



12.31 

11.97 

10.12 

9.23 

7.766 

6.78 

5.63 

5.18 

4.31 

3.39 

2.72 

2.35 

1.32 

1.05 

.62 

.20 

.12 

.21 



W 



18.51 

17.59 

13.15 

9.36 

6.97 

4.97 

3.36 

2.72 

2.0) 

1.28 

.71 

.54 

.12 

.07 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.02 



O 

17.20 

19.32 

14.49 

9.65 

6.74 

5.64 

3.92 

2.01 

1.21 

.61 

.40 

.50 

.40 

.20 



85.17 81.53 
14.83 18.47 



100.00, 100.00 



82.29 
17.71 



100.00 



13.57 

14.26 

12.00 

10.15 

9.36 

6.85 

5.74 

4.16 

2.74 

1.94 

.71 

.60 

.28 

.11 

.03 

.05 



82.55 
17.45 



83.47 
16.53 



Oh 



25.91 

16.26 

12.07 

8.60 

5.04 

4.30 

2.20 

1.68 

.95 

.63 

.42 

.21 

.11 



78.38 
21.62 



100.00 100.00 100.00 



W 



14.60 

15.37 

16.31 

9.90 

9.74 

7.77 

4.87 

4.10 

2.65 

1.36 

.51 

.34 

.25 



.09 



88.04 
11.96 



100.00 



m 



18.05 

16.55 

12.14 

9.85 

6.78 

7.17 

4.09 

3.31 

2.36 

1.26 

.71 

.31 

.16 

.16 



82.90 
17.10 



100.00 



M 



21.06 

20.60 

14.35 

9.98 

6.78 

4.37 

2.16 

2.04 

1.28 

.58 

.17 

.12 

.06 



83.55 
16.45 



100.00 



19.26 

16.80 

12.82 

9.32 

6.15 

5.70 

4.17 

2.60 

1.38 

.78 

.67 

.38 

.19 

.04 

.04 

.04 



80.34 
19.66 



100.00 



Nativity and Race Factors. 283 

If we consider the number of childless mothers we find that the 
English Canadian not only equal but surpass the natives in the per 
cent, of childless mothers. On the other hand the Russians, who are 
mostly of the Hebrew race, show the smallest proportion of childless 
mothers. The French Canadians, the Italians, the Irish, the Swedes, 
the Scotch, Welsh, Germans, English, and Poles follow in the order 
stated, with an increasing number of childless mothers. 

We are accustomed to think of the Poles as a very prolific race, 
and it is surprising to find how large a proportion of childless moth- 
ers, and how large a proportion of one-child mothers, are found 
among them. This can, however, be easily explained by a study in 
the increase in the numjjer of Poles in this State within the last 
forty years, for which the figures are as follows: 1865, 5; 1875, 36; 
1885, 166; 1895,588; 1905,4,104. In other words the number of 
Poles in this State has increased 800 times during the last forty 
years and about eight times in the last State census decade. The 
newness of the Polish immigrants and the fact that the majority of 
the women are under thirty years of age may be sufficient explana- 
tion of the comparatively low fecundity among the Poles. 

In the case of the English Canadian, the newness of the immi- 
grants and the relative low birth rate among the English are sufficient 
to explain their very low fecundity. Were the figures concerning the 
ages of married women and the years married by nationality avail- 
able, we would have a more reliable criterion by which to measure 
fecundity by race. 



ASSIMILATION. 



There is perhaps no vaguer term used in terminology of social 
studies than that of assimilation. In the public mind, however, 
there is a more or less definite conception which, if possible of 
analytical study, would lead to a clearer and better understanding 
of present-day problems which result from the large variety of 
ethnic factors present in the American Commonwealth. Literacy, 
knowledge of the English language, citizenship, inter-marriages, 
occupations, and standards of living are commonly considered to 
be the main factors in determining the degree of assimilation in 
-ethnic groups. The characteristic differences between nationalities 
and races regarding the above factors are often so great and the ac- 
complishments resulting from the acquisition of assimilative charac- 
ters so uncertain that with all the data at hand progress can 
be only relatively measured. We shall see for example, that crimi- 
nality is not characteristic of the foreign born, but that the natives 
furnish a larger number in proportion to the population than the 
foreign or foreign born. It has also been shown repeatedly that 
poverty and dependence do not go hand in hand with the unassimi- 
lative characters, and that morality is rather a social than a racial 
characteristic. In the study of the assimilative characters pursued 
the results should be considered therefore not as an index of 
actual, but as of probable advance. 

CITIZENSHIP. 

The study of literacy and school attendance gives us a conception 
of the probable future for citizenship. Citizenship, on the other 
hand, is a test of assimilation which, however certain in its effects 



Nativity and Race Factors. 285 

upon the community, is not indicative of the degree of assimilation 
in the truest sense of the word, since the political instinct varies with 
different nationalities and different countries use varying degrees of 
influence in inducing citizens to vote. 



286 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



a 

H 
Eh 
O 

I 

o 



cs 

H 
O 

■< 
o 

^"^ 
o 



X 












■saij^nnoD 
■ jaqio 



'■epBUTiQ 



pajiufi 



•jaAO pnB 



5^ 



t~ CD UT O 
«0 d (N ■* 



■jtjuSunjj 


lO 


■* 


CO 


X 


Suipnjoui 


o 


N 






'Bij^sny 












r^ 


lO 


CO 


CO 




o 


CO 


CD 




•aouBJjj 


CO 


CO 




(M 




->< 


o 


-f 


o 












•T3issny 


05_ 


05 




00 




^H 


1^ 


C-l 


01 




-t 




00 






CO 


°l 


CO 


OS 




I~ 


05 


CO 


o 




o 


CO 


CO 


o 


•pnupj 


OD 






CD 




o> 


,_, 


Ol 


CO 


•AuBiujaQ 


CO 


OS 


o 

CO 






[- 


CO 


r^ 


Tf 


•^[Bn 


05 

00 


a> 








t^ 


-H 




UO 




■* 


■* 


O 


»o 


■lB3n;jjoj 


o 


CD 


CTl 


05 




OJ 


Oi 


1^ 


CO 


■sajBAV poB 




t^ 


O 


t- 


pUBl^OOg 


CO 


N 








C^l 


m 


<M 


r~t 








CO 


Tf 


■puBi§ua 


p. 


^ 


a> 


CD 






o 








'H 










CO 


o 


-^ 


CO 




N 


Tt< 


CO 


Tt< 


•pnL'[ajj 


(M 


CO 


(N 


CO 














N 


<N 








o> 


r^ 


no 


o 


•Sua 


(M 

O 


00 


o> 


OS 


'BpBUBO 


CO 


-^ 







1^ CO CO 00 



a> CD -H 









a. 




















c 




"« 


> 


c 



1-1 !z; <; 



Nativity and Race Factors. 287 

The above table shows the number of voters and non-voters, as 
well as the aliens according to place of birth of father. By voters 
are meant persons of twenty-one years of age who have properly reg- 
istered as voters in this State. By non-voters are meant persons 
who, although entitled to vote, have not satisfied proper require- 
ments to be allowed to vote; and by aliens we mean those who have 
not been long enough in the United States to become voters. The 
two classes to be considered, are the voters and the non- voters. The 
data concerning the voting and non-voting population are as pre- 
sented in the 1905 State census of this State not sufficiently specific 
to be conclusive since the actual birthplace and educational envi- 
ronment of the voter is not determined. The figures given below 
cover all persons of voting age by nativity of father, thereby com- 
paring native and foreign elements. 

Table XXIX. — Voting op Total Voters, and Possible Voters. 

United States 93.71 Germany 90.23 

■Canada, French 93 .53 Poland 83 .66 

Canada, English 90 . 50 Sweden 83 . 38 

Ireland 95.13 Russia 84.09 

England 91.59 France 83.72 

iScotland and Wales 91 .53 Austro-Hungary 82.35 

Portugal . . .. ... 87.31 Colored 91.12 

Italy 81.79 Other countries 79.27 

Total 93.73 

It will be noticed that of the persons born from native parents 
93.71 per cent, of those entitled to vote regularly used their vote, 
while the percentage for the total voting population, as compared 
with non-voters, is 93.73 per cent. Here, as in other similar inquir- 
ies, the Irish population seems to show a marked interest in politics 
which even surpasses that of the oldest settlers. Of the total number 
•of persons of Irish fathers, 95.13 per cent, were voters. 

The control of the vote seems to be in the hands of the voters of 
foreign fathers, as in 1905 only 43.62 per cent, were of native-born 
fathers, 2.15 per cent, of negro parents, and 54.23 per cent, of for- 
eign-born fathers. However interesting there figures may seem, they 
are of no great value in determining the relative significance of the 



288 Nativity and Race Factors. 

foreign as compared to native votes. The statistics involve three 
classes of population with only two given factors; the foreign born 
being included in the same class with the natives of foreign fathers. 
In other words, if the degree of adaptibility depends upon the number 
of voters, we can not complain against the foreigners; but if the qual- 
ity of the vote is to be considered aside from the number of ballots 
cast, we must depend upon observations and political statistics which 
so far have been very inadequate and unreliable. On the whole it 
must .be acknowledged that voting statistics are valuable only so far 
as they show the awakening of the foreign elements to a right and 
privilege to which they are entitled, but even then we must consider 
the effort of the political leader and the variety of methods used 
in time of elections to swell the number of voters by legitimate or 
other means. 

When we compare the voters by place of birth we find the fol- 
lowing condition: 

Place of Per cent. Place of Per cent. 

Birth. Voting. Birth. Voting. 

Foreign born 88 . 50 Germany 89 . 6 1 

Canada, French 92 . 67 Poland 83 . 83 

Canada, English 89.91 Sweden 82.26 

Ireland 93.65 Russia 83.66 

England 89 . 88 France 81 . 74 

Scotland and Wales 89.86 Austria, etc . . 82.82 

Portugal 87 . 76 Other countries 76 .86 

Italy 81.59 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



289 




£ 








<u 








o 


t^ 


-H 


lO 




to 


00 


^ 


















o 








2: 


















M 


03 


lO 


> 


CO 


rt 


00 


Ol 


05 


00 



-H rt t^ 



:z; ^5 [X. 



290 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



The above tables show the voter by country of birth, and although 
it is safe to say that the per cent, of voters is somewhat lower among 
the foreign born as compared with the natives, the relative per cent, 
between the nationalities shows very little change. On the other 
hand, while the country of birth affects, to a certain extent, the per 
cent, of voters, the national character remains only slightly distinct 
by the change in the country of birth after one generation. 

The percentage of voters out of the total of possible voters shows 
the natives of native parents the most advanced in the frequency 
of the use of their right to vote, while the voters of foreign parents 
and foreign born follow in natural order. 

SCHOOL attendance. 

The most certain and most widely influential agency tending to 
Americanize and to a certain extent to create a standard of national 
homogeneity is the school, and particularly the public school. Owing 
to certain limitations imposed upon the State census, no available 
material can be found which gives satisfactory data for the population 
of the schools in the State classified by parentage and country of 
birth. We shall, therefore, have to use such statistical data as are 
afforded by the twelfth census of the United States. 



Table XXXII. — Native White Persons of Native Parentage Attending 
School During the Census Year, Classified by Sex, Age Periods, and 
Months of School Attendance, by States and Territories, 1900. 





All Pehsons. 


Under 10 Years. 


10 TO 14 Years. 


Months of School Attendance. 


Males. 


Females. 


Males. 


Females. 


Males. 


Females . 


Rhode Island 

1 month or less 


12,177 

53 

208 

315 

11,601 


12,532 

45 

240 

288 

11,959 


4,527 

38 

128 

177 

4,184 


4,474 

28 

160 

166 

4,120 


5,425 
11 
49 
90 

5,275 


5,634 
11 
54 




90 




5,479 







Nativity and Race Factors. 



291 



Table XXXIIa— Native White Persons of Foreign Parentage. 



Months of School Attendance. 



Rhode Island 

1 month or less . . . 

2 to 3 months 

4 to 5 months 

6 months or more. 



All Persons. 



Males. 

16,636 

81 

352 

351 

15,852 



Females. 

16,839 

88 

358 

366 

16,027 



Under 10 Years. 



10 to 14 Years. 



Males. Females. 



7,646 

57 

228 

181 

7,180 



7,566 

65 

244 

196 

7,051 



Males. 



7,505 

16 

96 

136 

7,257 



Females. 



7,724 
17 



129 
7,490 



Table XXXIIb.— Foreign White Persons Attending School. 



Months of School Attendance. 



Rhode Island 

1 month or less. . . 

2 to 3 months 

4 to 5 months 

6 months or more. 



All Persons. 



Males. Females. 



3,337 

19 

97 

132 

3,089 



3,265 
25 
95 
122 

3,023 



Under 10 Years. 



Males. 



1,032 

5 

31 

30 

966 



Females. 



968 
10 
28 
36 

894 



10 to 14 Years. 



Males. 



1,961 
12 
53 
85 

1,811 



Females . 



2,013 

15 

56 

*69 

1,873 



10 



292 



Nativity and Race Factors 



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293 



Table XXXIV. — Showing Per Cent, of Persons of Given Ages 
Attending School. 





Per Cent. Total 

Attending 

School. 


Per Cent. 5 to 9 

Years of Age 

Attending 

School. 


Per Cent. 10 to 

14 Years of Age 

in School. 




M. F. 


M. 


F. 


M. 


F. 


Natives of native parents 


16.96 

24.29 

5.09 


17.11 

23.45 

4.79 


69.47 
66.66 
61.78 


71.13 
65.30 
56.35 


90.13 
85.53 
63.24 


93.67 
86.44 




64.68 







The above table shows that the proportion of persons of na- 
tive parents in schools is larger than that of the children of foreign 
parents, but smaller than that of the natives of foreign parents. 
This is due mainly to the fact that the natives of foreign parents are 
more largely of school age than either of the other two classes, as the 
major part of the foreign-born population has settled in this State 
within the last thirty years, and the foreign immigrants are mostly 
young persons about to be married or recently married. 

The higher birth rate among the foreign born is also an important 
factor in determining the proportion of children, and as a result that 
of the school population. When we come to analyze the school at- 
tendance by age period we find that the school attendance of natives 
is much larger than that of the natives of foreign parentage and that 
the school attendance of the foreign born is very low compared to 
either class of population. . This is due to the lower economic and so- 
cial conditions of the natives of foreign parents and of the foreign born. 
The industries of this State also have a large share in determining the 
school attendance, particularly, because of the absence of proper 
child-labor legislation and because of the entire absence of the edu- 
cational test in granting work certificates.* A more accurate idea of 
this fact can be gained by a comparative study of New England 
States. 



* Recent legislation will avoid such, conditions in the future. 



294 



Nativity and Race Factors, 



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Nativity and Race Factors. 295 

Table XXXV shows that school attendance among the natives of 
foreign parentage, both between the ages of 5 and 9, and later be- 
tween 10 and 14, in the United States, is higher than the school 
attendance of either the natives of native parents or of the foreign 
born, while in the North Atlantic Division this is true only for the 
ages between 5 and 9. 

It is to be noted that not only does Rhode Island show the smallest 
number of persons in the higher educational institutions, which 
naturally are attended by persons between the ages of 15 and 20, as 
compared to all the New England States, but in each class of popu- 
lation taken separately the persons 10 to 15 years of age in school 
are less numerous than in any other New England State. That this 
is not due to the class of foreign population whose children, native or 
foreign born, form the population of school age, is clearly shown by 
the fact that even the natives of native parents show a smaller per- 
centage of school attendance than in any of the New England States. 

With these differences in the school attendance of the three classes 
of population it is important to consider the more vital question 
which is closely linked with school attendance and efficient citizen- 
ship, illiteracy. 

ILLITERACY. 

In a democracy such as the United States there is no more impor- 
tant factor in determining the preservation and effi,cient continuation 
of its principles and ideals than the mental development of the 
people. Illiteracy, while not in all respects the best criterion by 
which to measure intellectual development of the people, unques- 
tionably aids in determining the degree of such development. 



296 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



Table XXXVI. — -Illiterates. — Population Ten Years of Age and Over; 
Number and Percentage of Illiterates, by Sex and General Nativity, 
FOR the State, Counties, Cities, and Towns. 



The State 

Males 

Females. 



Population 10 Years of 


Age and Ovek. 




















o 




o 


H 


Z 


fe 


389,237 


241,298 


147,939 


189,866 


116,923 


72,943 


199,371 


124,375 


74,996 



Illiterates. 



Number. 



26,326 


3,469 


12,097 


1,629 


14,229 


1,840 



22,857 
10,468 
12,389 



Percentages. 



6.37 
7.14 



1.44 
1.39 
1.48 



15.45 
14.3.f 
16.52 



The above table shows a remarkable difference in the illiteracy of 
the natives as compared to that of the foreign born, a difference that 
is quite serious. The native illiteracy is only about one-seventieth 
part of population 10 years of age and over, while the illiterate for- 
eign-born are more than ten times as numerous. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



297 



Table XXXVII. — Illiterates. — By Age Periods, Sex, and General 
Nativity, for the State. 



The State and Coun- 


Aggregate. 


Native Born. 


Foreign Born. 


ties. 

Degree of Illiteeacy, 
AND Age Periods. 


3 

o 


Males. 
Females. 


o 


1 


J 

fa 


"c3 
O 




"3 

s 


The State 

Read but cannot write. 
10 to 14 • 


26,326 

2,748 

120 

179 

471 

452 

477 

1,049 

23,578 

864 

1,905 

5,494 

4,935 

4,260 

6,120 


12,097 

1,066 

78 

86 

221 

215 

169 

297 

11,031 

445 

980 

2,766 

2,457 

1.979 

2,404 


14,229 

1,682 

42 

93 

250 

237 

308 

752 

12,547 

419 

925 

2,728* 

2,478 

2,281 

3,716 


3,469 

636 

82 

49 

76 

110 

120 

199 

2,833 

341 

311 

587 

469 

402 

723 


1,629 

247 

52 

30 

28 

40 

36 

61 

1,382 

182 

185 

277 

236 

165 

337 


1,840 

389 

30 

19 

48 

70 

84 

138 

1,451 

159 

126 

310 

233 

237 

386 


22,857 

2,112 

38 

130 

395 

342 

377 

850 

20,745 

523 

1,594 

4,907 

4,466 

3,858 

5,397 


10,468 

819 

26 

66 

193 

175 

133 

236 

9,649 

263 

795 

2,489 

2,221 

1,814 

2,067 


12,389 

1,293 

12 

74 

202 

167 

224 

614 

11,096 

260 

799 

2,418 

2,245 

2,044 

3,330 


15 to 19 


20 to 29 


30 to 39 


40 to 49 


50 and over 

Neither read nor write . 
10 to 14 


15 to 19 


20 to 29 


30 to 39 


40 to 49 


50 and over 



Further analysis shows that a larger number of persons can not 
read nor write, and that with the advancement of age illiteracy 
becomes more frequent. That this illiteracy is due to social con- 
ditions prevalent in the country from which immigrants come to 
the United States rather than to some inherent tendency or char- 
acteristic on the part of the foreign born, can be easily shown by 
comparing the illiteracy of the native born of foreign parents with 
the illiteracy of the foreign born of the foreign piarents. 



298 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



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Nativity and Race Factors. 299 

The figures show that the natives of foreign parents in no case 
show a perceptibly larger illiteracy than the natives of native 
parents. An age comparison of the native illiterates of foreign 
parents, as shown in table XXXVIII, based upon the 1905 State 
census, show differences in the illiteracy rate of these classes of popu- 
lation which are entirely negligible. 



300 



Nativity axd Race Factors. 



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Nativity and Race Factors. 301 

The figures of the twelfth census, however, make a more detailed 
comparison possible. Table XXXIX gives the illiteracy of natives of 
native parents, natives of foreign parents and foreign born, 10 to 14 
years of age, with comparative figures for the other New England 
States. These important facts stand out clearly from this 

table: 

First, the illiteracy of the native persons 10 to 14 years of native 
parents is higher among the natives of the country districts 
than among the natives of native parents in the cities of 25,000 and 
over. 

The illiteracy of the natives of foreign parents in cities in propor- 
tion to the total population is larger in Rhode Island than in any 
other State in New England except Maine. Although this State 
shows about two and a half times as many foreign born illiterates of 
10-14 years of age in the cities, and about four times as many in 
the country districts as compared to the native population, the pro- 
portion of the same class of population for the whole of the United 
States shows a marked difference in favor of the natives of foreign 
parents in the cities in Rhode Island. 

It is evident that the native children of native parents in the 
country districts are fifty per cent, more illiterate than the children in 
the cities, belonging to the same nativity group, the natives of foreign- 
born parents in the country districts are almost three times more il- 
literate than the same class of children in the cities, and the foreign- 
born children are almost twice as illiterate in the country districts as in 
the urban communities. Whether this is due to the larger number 
of new immigrants in the country districts, or whether this large 
difference is due to strictly racial and economic differences existing 
in the two types of communities considered, can not be ascertained 
with any degree of accuracy. Certain it is, however, that the ten 
years which separated the eleventh from the twelfth census show a 
remarkable improvement of conditions. 

It is clear, however, from tables, that Rhode Island shows distinct- 
ly a high rate of illiteracy when compared with the other States in 



302 Nativity and Race Factors. 

New England, and that in tlie ten years that separate the two last 
federal censuses (1900 and 1890), the other States have made faster 
progress than the State of Rhode Island. 



Nativity and Race Factors, 



303 



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304 Nativity and Race Factors. 

That conditions such as they existed at the time of the taking of 
the twelfth census were not the result of stationary is borne 
out by a comparison of the data of the twelfth with the data of 
the eleventh census on the same basis. Table XL gives such 
data and the results show a remarkal)le progress in the 10 years that 
elapsed between the two numerations. The facts brought out by 
table XXXIX, although not on an age basis, when compared with 
table XL, show an advance, which with proper child-labor legislation, 
may place this State on a par with the other New England States 
from the standpoint of illiteracy. 

That there is a difference in the amount of illiteracy between the 
different foreign nationalities could not be doubted when we consider 
the variety of nationalities that form the foreign elements of this 
State, and the countries from which they come. The 1905 State cen- 
sus has not extended, however, its inquiry beyond the general classi- 
fication of the natives and foreign born, nor has the federal census 
tabulated data relating to illiteracy by nationality. 



CRIMINALITY. 



Few of the objections to the incoming foreign elements into this 
country have carried more weight, and have been discussed more 
widely, than the extent of criminality among foreigners. Federal 
laws have been enacted excluding delinquents from entrance into the 
United States, and a scrutinizing eye is being kept upon possible 
violators of the law. 

Since the argument of criminality has been discussed, both by 
opponents of immigration and by friends of the foreign influx, it is 
of the utmost importance to weigh the facts upon the basis of the 
broadest statistical inquiry. It is important to determine, not only 
to what extent the foreigners are more or less criminal than the 
natives, but to what extent a particular nationality is more criminal 
than the native element or some other foreign nationality. This we 
shall attempt to do with the facts obtainable. 

The State census for 1905 has made no inquiry into the criminality 
of the population, and the only inquiry of a general nature that we 
have is the recent report of the Federal Census Bureau on the "Pris- 
oners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions in 1904". It is un- 
fortunate also that this report deals with facts which can not be com- 
pared with either the population statistics of the State census or the 
Federal census as the former was taken in 1905 and the latter in 1900. 
It is fair to assume, however, that the data concerning the end of 
1904 would compare best with the population statistics that were 
gathered by the State Bureau of Statistics only four months later in 
the 1905 State census, as the proportion of foreign-born between 1900 
and 1905 had changed only from 31.16 per cent, to 31.90 per cent. 

An analysis of the figures given in the Federal Report on Prisoners 
compared with the figures of population for 1905 gives the following 
result : 



306 



Xativity and Race Factors. 



Table XVI. — Total Population to Total Number of Prisoners, Accord- 
ing TO Nativity. 



Nativity. 



Native born. 
Foreign born 

Total . . . 



Population. 



317,895 
152,179 



470,092 



Per cent, of 
population. 



67.63 
32.37 



100.00 



PrLsonera. 



358 
196 



Per cent, of 
prisoners. 



64.63 
35.37 



100. OO' 



This table shows that the foreign born are more criminal than the 
native born in this State. 

In order to make this comparison more complete it is necessary to 
classify the population in the prisons by sex, and the following table 
shows the distribution of the sexes by criminality and nativity : 

Table XLII. — Criminality, According to Sex and Nativity. 



Sex. 



1 Population. Population. 
Native. Foreign. 



Number of males. . . 
Number of females . 
Per cent, of males . . 
Per cent, of females 



155,754 

162,137 

66.71 

67.66 



77,726 
77,472 
33.29 
32.34 



Prisoners, 
Native. 



322 

36 

67.57 

47.37 



Prisoners. 
Foreign. 



156- 

40 

32.43- 

62.63. 



It is clearly apparent from the above table that while the native 
male prisoners are more numerous than the foreign male prisoners in 
proportion to the population, the reverse is true in the case of the 
female prisoners. How significant this fact is we shall see later, but 
in so far as the male population is furnishing the largest number of 
prisoners, it is significant that the natives should present such a high 
rate of prison population. The table as here presented shows that 
the foreign males have a smaller proportion of persons in prison in 
proportion to the population than the native. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



307 



We find that only 32.43 per cent, of the male prisoners are foreign 
born, while the total number of foreign persons is 33.29 per cent, or 
over one per cent, less than its proper share of criminals if the crimi- 
nality of the natives and foreign born were the same. In the case 
of the women, however, we find that while they form only 32.34 per 
cent, of the female population they furnish 52.63 per cent, of the 
prison inmates, or almost twice the number that they would be ex- 
pected to furnish had their rate of criminality been the same as that 
of the native women. 

Age. — In a statistical study which involves exclusively mature 
persons any comparison that rests upon the total population is not 
repreresentative, and this is particularly true in this country since 
the elements of population according to nativity are subject to wide 
differences of age distribution. 

The largest number of criminals and prison inmates is found 
between the ages of 20 and 49, although a certain number of prison- 
ers are older than the above age. In order to make the comparison 
on the widest basis, let us compare the number of prisoners with the 
number of persons of 20-49 years of age and with the number of 
persons 20-79 years of age. 

Table XLIII. — Age Distribution op Population and Prisoners, by 

Nativity. 



Sex. 



Population. 



Native Born. 



20-49 
Years of 



20-79 

Years of 

Age. 



Foreign Born. 



20-49 

Years of 

Age. 



20-79 

Y^ears of 

Age. 



Prisoners. 



Native- 
Born. 



Foreign- 
Born. 



Males 

Females 

Per cent., by sex 

Males 

Females 

12 



60,278 
64,565 



38.70 
39.82 



78,285 
84,676 



50.26 
52.22 



46,646 
49,028 



62.42 
63.29 



63,283 
65,467 



86.02 
84 . 50 



322 
36 



67.57 

47.37 



156 
40 



32.43 
52.63 



308 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



The above table shows the criminaUty in an entirely different light. 
In Table XLII we found that the criminality of the natives was only 
slightly higher than the criminality of the foreign born, but in this 
further analysis by ages we find that the foreigners have twice as 
large a per cent, of persons of the ages when criminality is most com- 
mon than the natives, and show only half the per cent, of criminals in 
prisons. In the case of persons 20-79 years of age, there is also a 
very large difference between the natives and the foreign bom, 
which shows the number of persons of native parents to be much less 
than that of the foreign born of the same age. If we carry this 
analysis still further, we find the following: 

Table XLIV. — The Per Cent, of Males and Females 20 to 49 and 20 to 
79 Years of Age, Respectively, op the Total Population of the Same 
Age and Sex, and the Number of Prisoners. 





Years or Age, 
20-49. 


Yeabs or Age, 
20-79. 


Prisoners. 


Sex. 


Native, 
Per cent. 


Foreign. 
Per cent. 


Native. 
Per cent. 


Foreign. 
Per cent. 


Native. 
Per cent. 


Foreign, 
Per cent. 


Males 


56.38 
56.84 


43.62 
43.16 


55.30 
56.40 


44.70 
43.60 


67.57 
46.37 


32.43 
52.63 







The results of an analysis on the basis of the relation between the 
native and foreign population by ages, classified according to sex, 
may be considered as the final step in the general study of criminality 
statistics by nativity. The figures show, more emphatically than in 
the earlier comparisons, that the natives, who are ,56 per cent, 
of all persons 20-49 years of age, present 67 per cent, of the inmates 
of criminal institutions; while the foreign males, who form only 43.62 
per cent, of the total male population 20-49 years of age, have only 
32 per cent, of the inmates in prisons of the State. In the case of the 
females, however, the proportion is still higher for the foreign-born 
females than for the native females. Whether this is due to a con- 
siderable amount of prostitutions and similar offences or whether it is 
due to a number of small offences that result in short sentences, can 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



309 



not be ascertained from the figures available. It is a grave indict- 
ment against the foreign females that they should present a higher 
criminality than either the native, the foreign males or the native 
females. Fortunately, however, there were no women in the State 
prison at the time when the census was taken, and the large amount 
of delinquency of foreign women may be attributed to minor offences. 

Nativity. 

The report on prisoners and juvenile delinquents, while publishing 
in detail the facts concerning the nativity of prisoners in general, 
does not furnish information concerning the nationality of prisoners 
by country of birth or country of birth of parents. This information 
is, however, furnished in the report of the State Board of Charities 
and Corrections for 1905, the year of the State census. 

Table XLV. — Number op Prisoners Committed During 1905 to the 
Work House and House of Correction, in Relation to Population, of 
THE Same Country op Birth, 20 to 79 Years of Age. 



Nativity. 



Population. 


Prisoners. 


Prisoners 
in 100,000. 


162,961 


454 


278 


31,274 


133 


425 


21,624 


49 


226 


5,053 


11 


217 


31,191 


49 


158 


4,040 


2 


49 


862 


3 


348 


373 


1 


249 


688 


1 


145 


213 


1 


469 


13,202 


2 


15 


3,357 


2 


59 


1,275 


1 


78 


3,200 


3 


93 


12,398 


27 


218 


291,711 


738 


253 



United States . 

Ireland 

England 

Scotland 

Canada 

Germany 

France 

Norway 

Austria 

Greece 

Italy 

Russia 

West Indies . . . 

Poland 

All others 



310 Nativity and Race Factors. 

The above figures show a decidedly higher delinquency among the 
Irish than among any other nationality, and the natives of the 
United States stand close in the number of delinquents per 100,000 
population. It is surprising to find that the English-speaking popu- 
lation furnishes 87.94 per cent, of the total numl^er of prisoners for 
minor offences, while they form 75 per cent, of the population of the 
ages of 20-79. 

It must also be noted that of the 454 native delinquents committed 
for minor offences in 1905 only 183 were of native parents and 40 
were of mixed parentage. On the other hand, the Irish, who show 
only 133 delinquents committed in 1905, had 331 prisoners of Irish 
parents and 12 prisoners of mixed Irish and some other nationality. 

We have so far considered only the minor crimes, such as are pun- 
ished by short sentences to the workhouse or the house of correction. 
Let us for a moment consider the more important crimes, according 
to the number and nationality of those committed to State prison. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



311 



Table XLVI.— State Prisox Convicts by Country of Birth, for the 
Year Ending December 31, 1905, as Related to Population, 20 to 79 
Years of Age. 



Country of Birth. 


=1 


1 
1 


1 qj 

is M 


3 

< 


-a 
a 

O M 


53 

1-1 


s 


§ 

o 
a> 

,o 


3 

o 


i 6 

O 1 ,„ 


■o3'^ 
c! ao 


1 Per ct. of total 
1 number of per- 
' sons in State 
1 prison. 


United States 

Italy 

Ireland 


14 
2 
2 


2 
1 

1 


14 
2 


18 
3 


18 
5 


S3 
3 
1 
4 
7 
2 
5 


6 


18 


173 

16 

5 

8 
8 
9 
18 


162,961 
13,202 
31,274 
31,191 
21,624 
6,448 
25,892 


55.69 
4.51 
10.69 
10.66 
7.39 
2.20 
8.89 


73.41 
6.75 


1 


1 


2.11 


1 


2 




3.38 






1 


3.38 


Sweden 

Other countries 


2 
2 




2 
1 


2 
1 




1 

1 


3.66 


3 


5 


7.31 


Total 


22 


8 


22 


26 


26 


105 


7 


21 


237 


129,631 
+ 162,961 


100.00 


100.00 



The above table throws a different light upon the criminality of 
native and foreign-born whites. The natives of the United States 
20 to 79 years of age, although only 55.69 per cent, of the population, 
show a criminality of 73.40 percent., and the Italians, who presented 
what appeared to be a low criminality for minor offences, show a 
higher criminality than their corresponding share of population. 

It must be borne in mind, however, that, as far as the foreign-born 
population is concerned, the figures are far too small to be conclusive; 
although it cannot be doubted that the native born furnish a much 
larger share of prisoners in the State prison than would appear to be 
their proportionate share according to population. 

The table shows a marked difference between the natives and 
persons born in other countries. The figures which may be considered 
as valuable in 'ascertaining the proportion of prisoners in relation to 
the population of the same country of birth are only Ireland and 
Canada, where we find 42.5 and 15.7 for each 10,000 population 20 to 
79 years of age, while the proportion of natives is only 27.8. It 
should be noted also that of the 454 prisoners born in the United 



312 Nativity and Race Factors. 

States only 183, or 40.3 per cent., were of native white parents; 40, 
or 8.8 per cent., were of mixed native and foreign parents; and the 
remainder of 231, or 50.9 per cent., were of foreign parentage. 

On the other hand, an examination of the parentage of some of 
the other prisoners shows that the number of prisoners of Irish 
parentage is two and a half times larger than the number of 
prisoners born in Ireland. The number of prisoners of British- 
American parents increased from 49 to 70. The other figures 
are too small to warrant any conclusive interpretation. Farther 
inquiry shows that while the number of prisoners of Irish des- 
cent is 331, the number of Irish prisoners born in Ireland is 
only 133, while the number of Irish born is 35,038 as compared 
to 88,770, which is the total number of persons of Irish descent. 
■Comparing these figures on a basis of per cent., we find that 
the number of prisoners of foreign Irish parents who were born in the 
United States is 198, or 59.62 per cent, of the total number of prison- 
ers of Irish parentage, and the number of persons of Irish parents 
born in the United States is 53,818, or 60.63 per cent, of the total 
number of persons of Irish parents. Owing to the absence of any 
data concerning the age of native persons of Irish parentage, it is 
impossible to draw the conclusion that is borne out by the above 
figures, namely, that there is practically no difference in the crimi- 
nality of persons of Irish descent whether born in the United States 
or not. But even the superficial observer knows, and the figures of 
the United States census for 1900 bear out the fact, that the pro- 
portion of adults is much smaller among the natives than among the 
foreign born, and consequently the number of prisoners who come 
from the adult class should be considerably smaller. Such is not 
the case with the population of Irish descent. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 313 



JUVENILE DELiINQUENCY. 



With the growth of the cities and the constant changes in the 
relation between the child and the home and between the parents and 
the home, juvenile delinquency has increased astonishingly within 
the last decade and a half. Whether this increase is due to a more 
careful and timely dealing with the young offender, or whether it is 
due to an increase in criminal tendencies among juveniles, is still in 
the realm of disputable questions. True it is, however, that modern 
industrial condition and city congestion limit the free action of the 
child to an increasingly greater extent and place him daily face to 
face with obstacles and temptations which were not known a quarter 
of a century ago. 

The figures relating to juvenile delinquency show Rhode Island to 
be one of the States in which juvenile delinquency is more prevalent 
in proportion to the population than in any other New England State^ 
and higher than in any State in the Union, except the District of 
Columbia and Delaware. 



;i4 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



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Nativity and Race Factors. 



315 



The above table shows that in the 14 years from 1890 to 1904 the 
number of male juvenile delinquents has increased from 139 to 
147.3 in 100,000 population, and the female juvenile delinquents have 
increased from 19.7 to 21.1 in 100,000 population. It will also be 
noted that in every case the natives show a larger number of juvenile 
delinquents than the foreign born. These figures are both misleading 
and incomplete. To compare the number of juvenile delinquents of 
a native group which has a normal distribution of age with a group in 
which the proportion is abnormal, leads to mistaken conclusions 
which, as is the case with criminality, places certain groups of peo- 
ple far out of their proper position in statistical construction. 

Since 1904 is so near 1905, for which we have correct statistical 
data of age, and since the changes of one year in delinquency could 
not be large enough to distort the result, let us consider the relation 
of native and foreign-born juvenile delinquents as related to the 
population of native and foreign-born juveniles. The ages of juve- 
niles as recognized by the census reports are 7 to 21, but as these 
ages are not given separately in the State census, we shall use the 
ages of 5 to 20, which are near enough to our limit to be used as a 
basis. 

Table XLVIII. — Showing the Proportion op Native White, Foreign 

White and Colored. 



Nativity and Coloh. 



Persons 5 to 20 
Years of Age. 



Males. 



Females. 



Juvenile 
Delinquents. 



Males. 



Females. 



Juvenile Delin- 
quents IN 100,000 
Population. 



Males. Females. 



Native white. 
Foreign white 
Negro 



57,553 
10,369 

1,082 



54,400 

10,849 

1,186 



235 
42 
33 



36 



430 

405 

3,050 



66 

73 

169 



The above table places the distribution of juvenile delinquency 
between native, foreign born and colored persons upon a different 
plane. It will be noted that the proportion of male juvenile delin- 



13 



316 Nativity and Race Factors. 

quents of native born in the United States is not perceptibly higher 
than the proportion of male juvenile delinquents of foreign birth, 
while Table XLVII seems to show that the native delinquents are over 
two and a half times more numerous than the foreign delinquents. 

In the case of females the foreign-born delinquents are actually 
more numerous in relation to juvenile population than the natives. 
The delinquency of the colored males seems very high, a fact that is 
borne out by Table XLVII, in which the whole of the negro popula- 
tion is taken as a basis. On the whole it may be said, therefore, that 
there is as marked difference in the delinquency of juveniles when 
considered from the standpoint of nativity, although if figures were 
available we might find, as we found in the case of adult prisoners, 
that the natives of foreign descent furnish a large per cent, of the ju- 
venile delinquents and that the delinquency varies with the country 
of birth. 



OCCUPATION. 



In recent years there has been a widespread discussion of the im- 
migration problem than in the industrial circles of the employee and 
employed. The vital point in the discussion has been the influence 
of immigrant labor upon employment and wages. It seems, however, 
that while employment and wages are of immediate importance, there 
still remains a more important problem to be considered, and that is 
the result of the competition between the foreign and native elements 
in terms of social advance and stratification and in terms of increased 
industrial efficiency of the older settlers and the filling of the vacuum 
created by their upward movement by a less assimilated and newer 
element. 

In the study of occupation, will be considered the natives and the 
foreign born from the standpoint of industrial utility and efficiency, 
as they shift with the influx of immigrants, and from the standpoint 
of industrial competition within individual occupations and trades. 

As men, women, and children represent three distinct classes of 
employees and their employment has a distinct cause in society with 
a distinct and far-reaching bearing upon its welfare, we shall treat 
the above-named subjects under the three different heads. We shall 
also try to show, as far as data will permit, the relationship that 
exists between the rate of employment of the three classes and their 
bearing upon industrial conditions. 

The distribution of occupations in the last State census was taken 
on the basis of place of birth of parents and not by nativity of the 
workers. This method, while it has its advantages, has also its 
shortcomings, especially in a State in which the recent influx of 
immigration is so pronounced. 



318 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



On the basis of parent nativity the wage earners of native parent- 
age, as shown in Table XLIX, represent 34 per cent., or more than 
one-third of the wage earning population, and 36.32 per cent, of 
other English-speaking parentage, thus leaving a balance of 29.68 
per cent, only persons of non-English nativity. The French Cana- 
dian and the Italian are the most numerous of the non-English- 
speaking races, making 18 per cent, of the total wage earners. 

Table XLIX. — Wage Earners by Race, Showing the Number and the Per 
Cent, of Each Race to the Total Wage-Earning Population. 



Place of Birth of Fathers. 



Number of 

Wage 
Earners. 



Per cent. 

to 

Total. 



1 United States 

2 Ireland 

3 Canada (French) . . . 

4 England 

5 Italy 

6 Scotland and Wales 

7 Sweden 

8 Canada (English) . . , 

9 Germany 

10 Portugal 

11 Russia 

12 Other Countries. . . . 

Total 



175 
234 
280 
995 
276 
806 
478 
336 
278 
830 
,693 
,567 



34.00 
21.53 
12.62 
9.82 
5.48 
2.59 
2.45 
2.38 
2.36 
1.71 
1.20 
3.86 



224,038 



100.00 



What the ethnic distribution by parentage was in previous censuses 
can not be ascertained, since the last census was the only one in which 
parentage instead of place of birth was used as a basis of classifica- 
tion. 



OCCUPATION OF FEMALES. 



As the data on occupation of the 1905 State census deals only with 
parent nativity in occupation, they are not as extensively applicable 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



319 



to our study as they would otherwise be. But by combining the 
data of the Federal census with the data of the State census we gain 
a sufficiently wide range of statistical detail to warrant conclusions 
along the lines mentioned in the introductory paragraph of this 
chapter. 

Table L. — Per cent. Occupied Females in 1905. 





Ages. 


Parentage . 


16 to 20 
years. 


21 to 24 

years. 


25 to 34 
years. 


35 to 44 

years. 


45 to 54 
years. 


55 to 64 
years. 


65 and 
over. 


Native women, native 


40.80 

67.0 
77.6 


42.1 

61.0 
57.6 


26.1 

41.4 
30.6 


18.5 

27.6 
20.4 


14.9 

19.7 
15.8 


11.9 

16.9 
10.9 


6.2 


Native women, foreign 
parents 


8.2 
6.7 







The above figures show clearly the industrial utility of the three 
classes of population. The natives being more generally of a better 
class economically, show a smaller per cent, of persons employed as 
compared with the natives of foreign parents and the foreign born. 
We find an indication of the better economic condition of the natives 
also in the increase of the per cent, of employed women between the 
ages of 21 and 24 as compared with the per cent, employed between 
16 and 20 years of age. This shows a better preparation for work 
and a larger probable period of physical development than among 
the other classes. It is seen also that the decrease in the per cent, 
■of native women employed with the advance in age is gradual, while 
in the case of the natives of foreign parents and in the case of for- 
eign born it is more abrupt, the largest decrease of this kind being 
among the foreign-born females. This may be due to three main 
causes: first, to the greater frequency of marriage among the 
natives of foreign parents and foreign born; second, to the more 
injurious and exhausting work done by the two classes, which would 
unfit theni for work earlier in life than in the case of the natives; and 
third, the period of industrial activity among the natives of foreign 



320 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



parents and the foreign born, begins much earher than among the 
natives. This last reason seems to be a very important one, as the 
difference in the per cent, of employment, 40.8 per cent, of the 
natives, 67 per cent, for the natives of foreign parents, and 77.6 per 
cent, for the foreign born, between the ages of 16-20, clearly indi- 
cate the truth of this last cause. Between the age period of 16 to 
20 and 65 and over, there is a decrease of 34.6 per cent, for the 
natives, 58.8 per cent, for the natives of foreign parents, and 70.9 
for the foreign born. 

The usual contention is that the employment of women is more 
frequent in cities than in country districts, and to a certain extent 
this is correct. But in this State, as in other industrial States where 
the villages have been transformed into industrial centers, this does 
not hold true. 

Table LI. — Per Cent, of Females Occupied in Providence, R. I., by 

Nativity. 



16 to 20 


21 to 24 


25 to 34 


35 to 44 


years. 


years. 


years. 


years. 


44.1 


44.9 


31.2 


22.7 


68. 3 


63.6 


43.5 


28.8 


75 .6 


58.3 


31.3 


21.6 



Native of native parents. 
Native of foreign parents 
Foreign-born 



13. 6' 

18.8 
13.7 



In the case of the natives of native parents we find only a slight 
increase of the per cent, employed in Providence as compared with 
the per cent, of employed women of the same nativity throughout 
the whole State, and the same condition prevails in the case of the 
natives of foreign parents. The figures concerning the foreign born, 
however, show a decrease in the first age period and an increase in all 
other age periods. 

The partial explanation of this condition may be found in the fact 
that the city requires a more skilled and better adapted type of 
female labor, and for this reason will employ more women who have 
a knowledge of English language and are acquainted with American 



Nativity and Race Factors. 321 

ways, while the foreign and unskilled women will find employment 
in the country districts of this State, requiring an unskilled hand 
and mind. We find, also, that the per cent, of female emplo3'ment 
in the city is less variable with age than it is in the case of the State 
as a whole, and this is due to the higher marriage rate in the country 
districts and the quality of work in the cities, which, on the average, 
requires larger preparation, higher skill, and yields better wages. 
Such influences as these would tend to increase the period of single 
life among city women workers and the period of industrial utility 
ivould be longer. 



NATIVE AND FOREIGN BORN WAGE EARNERS FROM 

1885 TO 1905. 

With the changes in the character of the ethnic composition of the 
population comes a chang.e in the distribution of occupations. In 
the opening chapter of this study we discussed the increase in the 
foreign born and the native of foreign parents, showing that a very 
large increase in the absolute number of persons of foreign parents has 
taken place within the last twenty years. In the following pages it 
will be shown what changes have recently taken place in the dis- 
tribution of occupations by nativity of workers. 



322 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



Table LII. — Number of Persons Employed in 1905, 1895, and 1885, Accord- 
ing TO Sex and Parent Nativity. 





1905. 


1895. 


1885. 




"3 


-2 


S 


"3 
o 


3 

"5 


fa 


S 
o 


J 

"3 


6 
fa 


Total ... 


224,038 


160,721 

57,311 

103,410 


63,317 
18,864 
44,453 


178,861 

106,371 

72,490 


122,676 
72,137 
50,539 


56,185 
34,234 
21,951 


201,921 
126,047 

75,874 


97,688 
62,453 
35,235 


104,233 
63,598 
40,635 


Native parents. . 
Foreign parent.s. 


76,175 
147,863 



Table LIII. — Per Cent, of Persons Employed in 1905, 1895, and 1885, 
According to Parent Nativity and Sex. 





1905. 


1895. 


1885. 




i 

o 




2 

"3 

s 
s 

fa 


"3 

O 


J 

"3 


J 

"3 
6 
fa 


"3 

O 


J 
"3 


"3 

a 
fa 


Native parents. . 
Foreign parents. 


34.00 
66.00 


35.66 
64.34 


29.79 
70.21 


59.47 
40.53 


58.80 
41.20 


60.93 
39.07 


62.72 
37.58 


63.93 
36.07 


61.01 
38.99 




100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 



The classification by parentage shows that in 1905 about two-thirds 
of the workers were of foreign parentage and only one-third was of 
native. In 1895 about two-fifths of the working people were of 
foreign parents and in 1885 about the same proportion (38.99 per 
cent) . 

It is evident that the change has come largely in the last ten years. 
This does not necessarily mean that the increase in the foreign element 
has come so largely within the same period, but simply that there 
are added forces of working persons who in the previous periods were 
too young to work. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



323 



While in 1885 we have only 37.58 per cent, of foreign born workers, 
in 1905 they increased to 62.42 per cent. 

Table LIII also shows the vast increase in foreign women workers 
that has taken place in the twenty years preceding the last State 
census. From a little over one-third, 36.07 per cent., the women 
workers increased very slightly (39.07 per cent.) in 1895, but in the 
next period the foreign women form almost two-thirds of the female 
working force of this State (64.34 per cent). 

An interesting phase of the above tables is shown in the distribution 
of male and female workers in the three censuses considered. 

Table LIV. Showing the Per Cent, op Males and Females of Each 
Nativity, as Given in the Three Last State Censuses, 1885-1905. 



1905. 



Males. Females. 



1895. 



Males. Females. 



1885. 



Males. Females. 



Total 

Native parents. 
Foreign parents 



71.74 
75.25 
69.94 



28.26 
24.75 
30.06 



68.58 
67.82 
71.10 



31.42 
32.18 
28.90 



48.87 
49.55 
46.34 



51.13 
50.45 
53.66 



The above figures show how radical a change in the distribution of 
males and females occupied as related to nativity has taken place 
within the ten years that elapsed from the 1885 to the 1905 census. 
It seems that the first period had a larger female working population 
than either the males of that period or the females of the other two 
periods. It should be borne in mind, however, that in the case of 
females the census of 1885 included, besides the persons employed 
in gainful occupations, all persons keeping house. This would 
naturally make the figures wholly incomparable with the figures for 
the last two censuses when housewifery was not considered a gainful 
occupation. If we consider only the last two censuses we find that 
while the proportion of native women employed has decreased, the 
proportion of women of foreign parents has increased. 



324 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



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Nativity and Race Factors. 



325 



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326 Nativity and Race Factors. 

A closer conception of the distribution of wage earners according 
to nativity may perhaps be gained from the above table,which shows 
the distribution of wage earners of six parentage groups as related to 
the total number of wage earners in the years 1885, 1895, and 1905. 

Owing to the inclusion of housewives in the figures for 1885 it may 
be wise to consider the changes of only the last ten years. The above 
table shows a very decided reduction in the per cent, of wage earners 
of native parents in favor of the other groups of workers. It is also 
clear that while the workers of English speaking parents, with the 
exception of the Irish, have been reduced in proportion, the workers 
of non-English speaking parentage have made considerable headway. 

When we consider the male workers alone, it is found that there has 
been a decline in the proportion of workers from 1885 to 1905 which 
reduced the per cent, from 63.93 per cent, to 35.65 per cent. On the 
other hand the per cent, of male workers of English speaking parent- 
age has steadily increased. The largest increase, however, is shown 
by the male workers of non-English speaking fathers. 

Owing to the differences in the classifications used in the different 
State censuses it has been impossible to compare the figures on a 
more specific basis, but it should be borne in mind that under " Other 
Countries," are included the classes of newer immigrants who have 
only recently settled in Rhode Island, and it is interesting to note that 
while in the case of the women workers of English speaking parentage 
the increase in the proportion of women workers has kept pace or 
even exceeded the increase in the proportion of male workers of the 
same parentage, as is the case with persons of Irish and Canadian 
parentage, in the case of the newer immigrants and their chil- 
dren the proportion of women workers is far below that shown 
by the male workers. The reasons for this may be found in 
the comparatively smaller number of females of working age among 
the newer immigrants, and perhaps to the more domestic habits of 
the newer groups of foreigners who have recently come into this 
State. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 327 



RHODE ISLAND AND OTHER NEW ENGLAND STATES 
IN RELATION TO FEMALE OCCUPATION. 

By comparing Rhode Island female employment we find that in all 
three nativity classes of population between the ages of 16 and 20 
years this State has a higher per cent, of employed than any other 
State in New England. But with advanced age Rhode Island shows 
a constant decrease in the per cent, of persons employed as compared 
with the per cent, of employed women of the same age class in other 
States. 



328 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



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Nativity and Race Factors. 329 

This steady relative decrease in the proportion of women employed 
in this State indicates, aside from certain social differences with the 
advance in age, is undoubtedly due to a demand for cheap un- 
skilled young female workers unequalled in any other New England 
State. 

CONJUGAL CONDITION EMPLOYMENT. 

Neither the United States census for 1900 or the special report on 
Statistics of Women at Work give the conjugal condition of the 
women workers by States. The figures of the State census, however, 
show" the per cent, of married women, 15 to 45 years of age, employed 
according to number of children. 



330 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



Table LVIII. — Married Womex 15 to 45 Years of Age, According to Em- 
ployment AND Number of Children. 



Native Born. 



Mothers of — • 



Ph 



Foreign Born. 



W 



fc 



No children 

1 child 

2 children 

3 " 

4 " 

5 " 

6 " 

S " 

9 " 

10 " 

11 " 

12 " 

13 " 

14 " 

15 " 

16 children and over, 

Total 



10.447 

8,591 

6,464 

4,004 

2,439 

1,647 

1,130 

799 

467 

291 

247 

96 

83 

34 

14 

10 

13 



1,858 

1,093 

634 

360 

208 

14 

64 

53 

30 

24 

18 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

3 



36,776 



4,507 



17 

12.72 

9.81 

8.99 

8.53 

8.93 

5.66 

6.63 

6.42 

8.25 

7.29 

5.21 

4.82 

8.82 

14.29 

10.00 

23.08 



8,589 

7,498 

5,830 

3,644 

2,231 

1,500 

1,066 

746 

437 

267 

229 

91 

79 

31 

12 

9 

10 



12.26 



32,269 



82.21 
87.28 
90.19 
91.01 
91.47 
91.07 
94.34 
93.37 
93.58 
91.75 
92.71 
94.79 
95.18 
91.18 
85.71 
90.00 
76.92 



5,753 

5,396 

5,023 

4,020 

3,166 

2,498 

2,007 

1,495 

1,175 

823 

588 

354 

291 

156 

97 

56 

62 



1,398 

833 

569 

346 

267 

183 

96 

90 

58 

38 

31 

14 

13 

2 

3 

1 



24.30 
15.44 
11.33 
8.61 
8.43 
7.33 
4.7 
6.02 
4.94 
4.62 
5.27 
3.95 
4.47 
1.28 
3.09 
1.79 
3.23 



87.74 



32,960 



3,944 



11.9; 



4,355 

4,563 

4,454 

3,674 

2,899 

2,315 

1,911 

1,405 

1,117 

785 

557 

340 

278 

154 

94 

55 

60 



75.70 
84.56 
88.67 
91.39 
91.57 
92.67 
95.22 
93.98 
95.06 
95.38 
94.73 
96.05 
95.53 
98.72 
96.91 
98.21 
96.77 



29,016 



88.03 



The data contained in this table are by no means sufficiently com- 
prehensive to give a clear idea of the number of married women 
employed according to nativity, as only two classes are used instead 
of the three which are being used by the federal census. 

The number of women workers married is also insufficient because 
it neglects a large number of persons widowed and divorced who are 
employed in this State, whose work is probably of the least remuner- 
ative, and whose compensation must meet a larger demand on account 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



331 



of the often single-handed care of a family of children. By com- 
paring the per cent, of native married women employed with the 
per cent, of the foreign born women employed, we find that there 
are 12.26 per cent, of the former and 11.97 per cent, of the latter. If 
we compare the percentage of the native women with that of the 
foreign born according to number of children we find that the differ- 
ences increase with the increase in the number of children, and that 
there are a larger number of native women with many children at 
work than among the foreign born. This fact explains partly the 
more even distribution of female workers according to age among the 
natives since we find a large number at work after marriage and for 
a longer period of time. Whether this shov/s also a lower economic 
condition among the native married women, is not safe to assume. 

THE DISTRIBUTION OF OCCUPATIONS. 



We have m.entioned in passing, the changes that take place in the 
ethnic distribution of occupations with the change in ethnic com- 
position of the population, and particularly the working population. 
. By comparing the number of persons of native parents with those 
of foreign parents engaged in lucrative occupations in the period 
covered by the last three censuses we find a very marked increase of 
the latter and a decided decrease of the former. 

Table LIX, Employed Persons, Males and Females, prom 1885 to 1905. 





!" 


1885. 




1895. 


1905. 




i 










i 








































c3 






OS 




iS 




a 


s 




s 






g 




o 











O 


o 








H 


S 


fe 


H 


s 


fe 


H 


S 


fa 


Native parents 


; 34.0 


35.6 


29.7 


59.4 


58.8 


60.9 


62.4 


63.9 


61.0 


Foreign parents 


.... 66.0 


64.4 


70.3 


40.6 


41.2 


39.1 


37.6 


36.1 


39.0 



The above table shows a decrease of from 62.4 per cent, of the 
employed persons of native parents to 34 per cent., while the em- 



332 Nativity and Race Factors. 

ployed persons of foreign parents have increased from 37.6 per cent, 
to 66 per cent., and the actual increase in the twenty-year period of 
the population of foreign parentage has been from 52.40 to 64.44 
per cent. This is due to a different age distribution caused by a 
longer residence of the foreign persons. in this country with their pos- 
sible increase in the numl^er of children who have reached a working 
age, and to the lowering in the working age of the workers owing to 
a change in the economic position of the changing factors. Certain 
it is, also, that the women of foreign parentage enter more readily 
into profitable occupations than they did twenty years ago, as the 
figures in the above table pointedly show (39 per cent, in 1885, and 
70.3 per cent, in 1905). 

DISTRIBUTION OF OCCUPATIONS BY PARENTAGE. 

One of the most interesting phases of occupation from the stand- 
point of race, nationalit}', and parentage is the distribution of 
workers in the different occupational groups. Table XC at the 
end of this work shows the distribution of occupations among the 
twelve parentage groups, which have been used as a basis for the 
purposes of this study. 

Tables LXX to LXXXII shoAv the distribution of w^age earners 
according to the twenty-four occupational groups. The same facts 
are more clearly shown in the diagrams which follow this chapter. If 
we analyze the more important occupational groups we find that 
the workers of foreign parentage of longer standing in this State 
have come to control more and more the better paid occupations and 
the lines of activity which demand longer training. We find, for ex- 
ample, that the persons of American parentage control almost four- 
fifths (78.90 per cent.) of the banking occupations in the State, and 
more than one-half of the clerical occupations (58.16 per cent.). The 
same condition prevails in the professional service group, where the 
Americans control more than three-fifths of the total number of 
persons engaged in this group of occupations. On the other hand 
the more recent immigrants show a much larger number of work- 



Nativity and Pv,ace Factors. 333 

ers in the occupational groups Avhich are the least renumerative and 
the least skilled. This is shown by Table LX, which indicates the 
best occupational rank held by each parentage group of workers as 
related to the total number of workers and in relation to the differ- 
ent occupation groups. The countries are arranged in decreasing 
order of importance as to number of workers. The latin figures in- 
dicate the order of importance of each particular group of work- 
ers as related to each occupational group. 



334 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



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_, „ ■---- = 



Nativity and Race Factors. 335 

It will be noted in Table LX that the workers of native 
parentage stand first in the following occupations: Agents and 
salespeople, agricultural pursuits, apprentices and helpers, bankers 
and brokers, building trades, clerical work, domestic and personal 
service, professional service, and a number of other occupational 
groups that involve considerable training, organization, and a higher 
social and economic standing. The Irish, although second in num- 
ber of workers, hold the first place among the workers on ap- 
parel, as laborers, and among the dealers in liquors and beverages. 
They hold their own among the workers in the other occupational 
groups, except as bankers and brokers, where they hold the fourth 
place, and in the trades connected with lumber and food. The 
workers of French-Canadian parentage, although third in importance 
as a group, hold the first place in the manufacture of textiles and 
second place in the occupations related to the trade in liquors and 
beverages and lumber. They occupy the sixth and seventh places, 
respectively, in the jewelry occupations and the trades unspecified. 
The w;orkers of English parentage are more numerous in the better 
paid and more skilled trades, and have few workers in the poorly 
paid and unskilled trades. The workers of Italian parentage show 
a condition opposite to that of the workers of English parentage. 
They are most numerous, however, as government employees, but 
this should not be interpreted as a large control of the highly paid 
governmental occupations. They are employed as the cheapest kind 
of labor on street cleaning and construction and other unskilled work. 
They are least numerous as clerks, hotel and restaurant keepers, in 
"transportation, and professonal service. Workers of Scotch and 
Welsh parents seem to be particularly attracted by clerical work, 
government employment, manufacturers of baser metals, printing 
and publishing, and miscellaneous manufacture. They are not at- 
tracted by the trades connected with the making of articles of ap- 
parel, jewelry, liquors, unskilled labor, lumber and its manufacture, 
and transportation, and seem to be averse to occupation involving 
general trade. Swedes and their children are most numerous in do- 



;>36 Nativity and Race Factors. 

niestic and personal service and as workers in the manufacture of 
baser metals. They are also attracted by the building and lumber 
trades. They are least commonly found in the commercial occupa- 
tions and in the manufacture of textiles. English Canadians and 
their children are most numerous in clerical work as bankers and 
brokers and, what seems odd, in domestic and personal service. They 
are least numerous as workers in the production of food, or jewelry 
workers, as merchants and dealers, as workers on articles of apparel^ 
and in very small numbers in agricultural pursuits. The workers 
of German parentage are most numerous as jewelry workers and in 
occupations related to liquors and beverages. They are seldomi 
found in professional service, as merchants or dealers, or other trades. 
The Portuguese have a special attraction towards agricultural pur- 
suits and are also very commonly found as unskilled laborers. They 
hold a ver}" small place as skilled and trained workers. The workers 
of Russian parentage are mostly of Jewish descent and hold a very 
prominent place among the merchants and dealers of the State. 
They are also found often as workers on acticles of apparel, as jewelry 
workers, and as agents and salespeople. It is interesting that they 
are not represented as bankers and brokers. 

On the whole it may be said that this table shows clearly a tendency 
on the part of the w^orkers of foreign parentage to control the better 
occupations according to industrial condition of the country of birth 
and the length of time that the particular nativity group has been in 
this State. 

changes of occupation, by sex and nativity, from 1885 TO 

1905. 

It has been shown in the preceding section of this bulletin that a 
large increase in the number and proportion of workers of foreign 
parentage has taken place in the last twenty years. Tables LXXI 
to LXXXII show that this increase in the number of workers of for- 
eign parentage has been steady and that the increase in the number 
of female workers has more than kept pace with the male workers-.. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 337 

The tendency towards increase in the number of employees of 
foreign parentage seems to be very general, but certain occupations 
seem to have gained more than others. In manufacture of textiles, 
the workers of foreign parents seem to have gained almost complete 
control, rising from 50.8. per cent, in 1885 to 84.2 per cent, in 1905. 
In the occupations connected with liquor and beverages the in- 
crease has been still greater, rising from 37.9 per cent, in 1885 to 
88.3 per cent, in 1905. This gain was largely made by persons of 
Irish parents, who seem to have gone into these occupations in the 
largest numbers. Clerical work appears to have a special attraction 
to foreigners and their children, as they have increased from 9.3 per 
cent, in 1885 to 41.9 per cent, in 1905. 

Whether this is due to the greater ease with which such work is 
obtained in this country, and the esteem that such work enjoys in 
the home countries, cannot be questioned. The principle that applies 
to clerical work also applies to professional service, where the workers 
of foreign parentage have increased from 13.4 per cent, in 1885 to 
15.2 per cent, in 1895 and 39.2 per cent, in 1905, the rapid increase 
in the last ten j^ears being probabh' due to the longer period necessa- 
ry for the training in these occupations. 

The increase in the number of persons of foreign parents in agricul- 
tural pursuits is one of the important movements in this State. They 
have increased from 20.0 per cent, of the total number of persons in 
this class of occupation in 1885 to 41.4 per cent, in 1905. That this 
State needs this class of workers for the regeneration of its farming 
industries has long been recognized, and the figures are encouraging. 
The occupations relating to commerce show also a large increase in 
the number of workers of foreign parents. 

female workers of foreign parents. 

While the entrance of female workers of foreign parents into gain- 
ful occupations has been at about the same rate as that of the males 
in specific occupations, the females have shown some special tenden- 
cies. While the male workers have increased from 16.0 per cent, in 



338 Nativity and Race Factors. 

1885 to 49.4 per cent, in 1905, in the agents and salesmen group of 
occupation the females have increased from 12.1 per cent, in 1885 
to 65.3 per cent, in 1905. In the agricultural pursuits and clerical 
work the same fact is apparent from table LXXVI. 

In the miscellaneous manufacture and in transportation the fe- 
males have show a similar tendency to increase at a greater rate 
than the males in the same occupational groups. 

changes in the distribution of occupations by specific paren- 
tage. 

Tables LXXVIII to LXXXII, at the end of this bulletin, show the 
trend of the recent changes in the occupational composition of the 
working population of this State. In order to indicate more clearly 
the specific changes that have taken place in the six most important 
parentage groups as related to the twenty-four occupatianal groups, 
let us consider each nativity group in order of its numerical im- 
portance. 

AMERICAN PARENTAGE. 

In 1885, the largest number of workers engaged in gainful occupa- 
tions was found in domestic and personal service, but this occupa- 
tion decreased from 34.49 per cent, of the total number of persons 
occupied in 1885 to 10.49 per cent, in 1905. The largest number 
of these persons being women. In the manufacture of textiles the 
proportion deceased from 13.49 per cent, in 1885 to 11.11 per cent, 
in 1905. 

The occupation of the higher class in point of wages, social standing 
and education, have followed, however, the opposite trend. They 
have shown a steady increase in the proportion of workers in these 
groups of occupation. This is particularly manifest in clerical work, 
professional service, brokers and bankers, and to a certain extent the 
building trades. These facts bear out our earlier contention that the 
increase in foreign elements pushes the older settlers into the high- 
er occupations. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 339 



FEMALES. 



From the figures in Table LXXVIII it is apparent that the women 
of American parentage have largely given up the domestic service, but 
as all housekeepers were considered gainfully occupied in the 1885 
census, the comparison is accurate only between the two last censuses, 
where a considerable decrease is shown (34.32 per cent, in 1895 and 
24.22 in 1905). There has been a decided increase all along the line 
of various occupations, but particularly in agriculture, clerical work, 
the building trades, government employment, jewelry manufacture, 
and professional service. In the textile industries there was a con- 
siderable increase between 1885 and 1895 (13.63 per cent, to 28.74 
per cent.), but the last State census shows a decrease from 28.78 per 
cent, to 21.48 per cent . 

This decrease is undoubtedly due to the rapid increase of foreign 
female workers and the larger opportunities offered to native women 
in other occupations. 

IRISH PARENTAGE. 

The largest occupational groups among workers of Irish parentage 
is found in the textile industries and in domestic and personal ser- 
vice. In each case, however, the rise of the groups is due to the 
large number of women workers of Irish parentage employed in these 
occupational groups. If we consider the males alone we find that 
next in importance to the textile industries is the manufacture of 
the baser metals. Both in the textile industries and in domestic 
service there has been a decided decrease in the proportion of workers, 
as compared to the preceding census year. 

The main increases in the proportion of workers in the various 
occupational groups have taken place in the following occupa- 
• tional groups : Agents and salespeople, workers on articles of apparel, 
building trades, clerical work, jewelry, manufacture of baser metals, 
and professional service. It is interesting to note that the proportion 
of workers of Irish parentage shows a material decrease in the agri- 
cultural pursuits and as merchants and dealers. 



340 Nativity and Race Factors. 

FEMALES. 

The main increase in the proportion of female workers in specific 
occupational groups may be found in the following occupations: 
Agents and salespeople, where the proportion has increased from 
.11 per cent, in 1885 to 4.66 per cent, in 1905; workers on apparel, 
with an increase from 1.74 per cent, in 1885 to 9.43 per cent, in 1905; 
clerical work with a per cent, of 4.09 in 1885 as compared to 8.01 
per cent, in 1905; jewelry, where the increase from 1885 to 1905 
was from 0.14 per cent, of the total number of workers to 4.16 per 
cent.; manufacture of textiles, with 36.99 per cent, of the female 
workers in 1905 as compared with 12.40 per cent, in 1885; profes- 
sional service with, 3.23 per cent, in 1905 as compared with 0.34 per 
cent, for the same occupational groups in 1885. 

A closer examination of the figures show that the female workers 
have increased very largely in the lesser paid occupations, while the 
male workers show a larger increase in the better paid occupations 
and trades. 

ENGLISH, SCOTCH, AND WELSH PARENTAGE. 

The two most important occupational groups, from the standpoint 
of the English, Scotch, and Welsh parentage workers, are textile in- 
dustries and the manufacture of the baser metals. In the case of the 
former (34.60 per cent, for 1905), the large proportion is due mainly 
to the women employed in these industries, and in the latter case 
to the large number of men workers present. Other smaller increases. 
in the proportion of occupational groups, are in the jewelry trades, 
miscellaneous manfacture, transportation, and agents and dealers. 
In domestic and personal service a decrease from 36.41 per cent, in 
1885 to 6.08 per cent, in 1905 is shown by the figures, as the figures 
©n this occupational group for 1885 are not comparable, the decrease 
from 10.11 per cent, in 1895 to 6.08 per cent, in 1905 should 
only be considered. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 341 

FEMALES. 

The largest group of female workers of this nativity group is to 
be found in the textile industries. As this nativity group contains 
three different classes of population, which cannot be classified owing 
to absence of figures for 1885 and 1895, according to specific place of 
birth, the figures are of no value outside of the broader comparison 
with the other nativity groups. The increase in the textile industries 
in the twenty years that elapsed between the three censuses has 
not been continuous. In 1885 we have only 24.63 of the women 
workers employed in the textile industries; in 1895, we find 56.16 per 
cent.; and in 1905, they constitute only 54.53 per cent, of the total 
female workers of this group. As the figures for 1885 are not com- 
parable for reasons stated above, we must rely upon the figures for 
1895 and 1905, which show a decrease in the proportion of females 
in the textile industries. 

The females in domestic and personal service show a decrease from 
27.37 per cent, in 1895 to 13.04 per cent, in 1905. On the other hand 
there is a pronounced increase in the proportion of female workers as 
agents and salespeople, workers on articles of apparel, clerical work, 
jewelry industries, manufacturers in miscellaneous establishments, and 
professional service. It is clear that the women of this nativity 
-group began to enter the trades only after 1885, and that they have 
become to a very large extent factory workers as is shown by the large 
proportion in the textile industries (54.53 per cent.) ; manufacture 
of apparel (6.66 per cent.); jewelry (3.20 per cent.) etc.; and that 
another large group has remained in domestic service. 

CANADIAN PARENTAGE. 

It is to be regretted that the figures for the three census periods 
considered in this section are not comparable by French and Eng- 
lish-Canadian parentage, since such a classification is necessary for 
a proper interpretation of the figures. As shown in Table LXXX, 
the largest number of persons of Canadian parentage are employed 



342 Nativity and Race Factors. 

in the textile industries, where 42.95 per cent, of the total number of 
persons employed were found. If we compare the percentages, we 
find that there has been only a slight increase in the 20 years separat- 
ing, the three censuses considered. If, however, we should leave out 
of consideration the housekeepers, we would probably find that there 
has been a decrease in the proportions of workers of Canadian descent, 
rather than an increase as shown by the figures. This is well shown 
when we consider only the male workers, where we find that in 1885 
there were 41.34 per cent, and 36.30 per cent, in 1905 in the textile 
industries. When we consider the figures for 1895 and 1905 we 
find that there has also been a decrease in the proportion of persons 
in domestic and personal service, in the agricultural pursuits and a 
slight decrease among laborers. The increases in various occupa- 
tional groups have been very slight and are only the natural results, 
of the slow upward movement of th^s class of population. 

females. 

Among the female workers of this nativity group the most radical 
change took place in the building trades, where a large number of 
women are at present employed, while there were very few employed 
in previous census years. In domestic and personal service there 
has been a decided decrease from 21.32 per cent, in 1895 to 9.99 per 
cent, in 1905. The only other important change has taken place in 
the textile industries, where the decrease in the proportion of workers 
has been from 62.13 per cent, in 1895 to 53.66 per cent, in 1905. 

Generally speaking, the changes in the occupations of this nativity 
group are very slight, and this is due mainly to the newness of this ele- 
ment in Rhode Island, as is shown by the statistics of Canadian popu- 
lation, which is as follows : 18,584 in 1885, 26,627 in 1895, and 31,569 ' 
in 1905, for French Canadians, and 6,429 in. 1895 and 7,932 in 1905 
for English Canadians, the figures for 1885 being included in the 
figures given for French Canadians. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 343 

GERMAN PARENTAGE. 

As in all the other nativity groups, the Germans show a larger 
proportion of workers in textile industries than in any other occupa- 
tion, and like the workers of Canadian parentage the workers of 
German parentage show, between 1885 and 1905, an increase in the 
proportion of employed in the textile industries. There is, however, 
a decided decrease in the proportion of textile workers between 1895 
and 1905 (26.86 per cent, and 21.09 per cent.). Another important 
decrease has taken place in domestic and personal service, which is 
especially pronounced in the case of female workers. The main in- 
crease has taken place in the liquors and beverages, jewelry manu- 
facture, clerical work, and agents and salespeople occupational groups.. 

FEMALES. 

The female workers show practically similar changes to those in- 
dicated by the figures for the total group of workers of German pa- 
rentage. The most important decrease in the proportion of female- 
workers has taken place in domestic and personal service, which shows 
44.55 per cent, in 1895 and 18.28 per cent, in 1905. Increases have 
taken place in almost all other occupational groups, but especiallj^ 
pronounced are the increases in professional service (1.15 per cent. 
in 1895 and 5.07 per cent, in 1905.); jewelry industries (0.21 per 
cent, in 1885 to 7.83 per cent, in 1905) ; in clerical work, (0.00 per 
cent, in 1885 to 6.53 per cent, in 1905) ; workers on articles of apparel 
(1.99 per cent, in 1885 to 10.67 per cent, in 1905) and agents and sales 
people (0.31 per cent, in 1885 to 5.68 per cent, in 1905). 

On the whole, the increase, both among male and female workers, 
show^ a more even distribution of occupation and a general tendency 
to enter upon skilled occupations. 

OTHER COUNTRIES. 

It is to be regretted that the figures for 1885 are so incomplete as 
to make comparison between a larger number of nativity groups im- 



344 Nativity and Race Factors. 

possible. It may be granted, however, that the groups included 
under the head of other countries contains the largest number of 
newly arrived immigrants and persons of such nativity groups which 
have been least adjusted to American conditions owing either to their 
recent arrival or to social conditions peculiar to their groups. This 
heterogeneous group shows the same conditions as most of the others 
in the way of occupational distribution, but such skilled and highly 
paid labor as professional service, clerical work, jewelry manufacture, 
bankers and brokers, and others show a very small proportion of 
workers as compared with laborers and textile manufacture. The 
most radical changes have taken place in the following groups of 
occupations: in agricultural pursuits 8.40 per cent, in 1885, 10.79 in 
1895, and 5.78 per cent, in 1905; in building trades a decrease from 
5.65 per cent, in 1885 to 3.71 per cent, in 1905 has taken place; 
in domestic and personal service we find the usual decrease from 
15.73 per cent, in 1895 to 9.38 per cent, in 1905. It is interesting to 
note that the proportion of laborers has increased from 3.20 per cent, 
in 1885 to 12.78 per cent, in 1905, a fact that bears out the con- 
tention that this heterogeneous nativit}' group contains a large num- 
ber of the less adjusted classes of workers. What is true concerning 
the unskilled labor group is true of the textile industries, where we 
find in 1885 only 8.72 per cent, and in 1905 24.64 per cent., or almost 
one-fourth of the total number of workers. 

females. 

In the case of the females we find that until 1895 there was only 
a small proportion of workers in other than domestic service work, 
and in this case, as has been stated, the housewives are included. 
Beginning with 1895 the distribution is more even and extends over 
a larger number of occupational groups. 

The most important increases in the proportion of female w^orkers 
between 1895 and 1905 have taken place in the following occupa- 
tions: Agents and salespeople (0.87 per cent, in 1895 to 3.18 per 
cent, in 1905); clerical work (0.16 per cent in 1895 to 2.26 per cent. 



Nativity axd Race Factors. 345 

in 1905) : jewelry workers (0.75 per cent, in 1895 to 4.61 per cent, in 
1905) ; textile industries (25.01 per cent, in 1895 to 42.22 per cent, in 
1905); and in industries not specified (0.00 per cent, in 1895 to 3.24 
per cent, in 1905.). 

It is clear from the above that there there has been a double move- 
ment among the M^orkers of this large nativity group; one movement 
in the direction of the more skilled occupations and another from 
the domestic service into the factories and into the unskilled trades. 

In the twenty-four classes of occupations as divided by the Bureau 
of Industrial Statistics, the changes that have taken place indicate 
two clearly defined tendencies. In the first place, the natives of 
native parents have gone into the better paid and more skilled occu- 
pations, while the persons of foreign parents have taken the places at 
the bottom of the scale. We find that the classes of occupations 
designated as agents, salespeople, bankers, brokers, government em- 
ployees, jewelers, gold and silversmiths, professional service and 
transportation have been increasingly filled by natives of native 
parents while the occupations of the less skilled trades have been 
filled more commonly by persons of foreign parentage. 

The figures clearly show that such immigrants as the English and 
German have followed very nearly the same trend as the natives of 
native parents only to a lesser degree, while the Canadian and the 
other newer immigrants have preferred the humbler places in the 
occupations of the State. The textile industries and the domestic 
and personal service, which are the least remunerative and the least 
skilled, have been vacated by the natives of native parents, and the 
natives of foreign parents and particularly the foreign born have 
taken their places. 

But while this process of displacement of the persons of native 
parentage by persons of foreign parentage in the lower occupations is 
going on, a process more interesting and a struggle more uplifting 
is going on among the persons of foreign parents for the better places 
in the industries of the State. In the better paid occupations there 
has been a steady increase in proportion of persons of foreign par- 



346 Nativity and Race Factors. 

entage at the same time that the immigrants of recent arrival into 
the country and State are filling the lower positions and pushing the 
persons of native parents and the older arrivals upward in the scale 
of industrial efficiency and economic welfare. 

We find, for example, that in professional service the per cent, of 
persons of foreign parentage has increased since 1885 from 13.4 per 
cent to 39.2 per cent; in banking and brokerage, from 4.7 per cent, 
to 21 .1 per cent; in agency and salesmanship, from 16.6 per cent, to 
53 per cent, of the total persons employed in those occupations. At 
the same time the per cent, of unskilled laborers has increased from 
70.6 per cent, in 1885 to 80.0 per cent, of the total laborers in the 
State in 1905; in the manufacture of textiles from 50.8 per cent, to 
84.2 per cent, in the same class of workers. This double trend is due 
on the one hand to the constant and increasing influx of unskilled im- 
migrants, and on the other to the opportunities which are offered to 
them here in the preparation of their children for better places in 
the industrial scale of this community. 

This is more clearly emphasized by a comparison between the 
industrial condition of the immigrants who have been here for a 
longer period of time and the immigrants who only within the last 
few years have been coming to this country and State. We find, for 
example^ that the English, Irish, and Germans have more commonly 
persons of that birth in the skilled occupations and that this has been 
a process of evolution going on v/ithin the last twenty years of which 
the statistics at hand give evidence. The persons employed in the 
lower occupations draw most of their constituency from Canadian 
and other parentage, and who, as shown by the statistics of pop- 
ulation, have been here in large numbers only for a short period. 

The statistical consistency of these facts is of remarkable signifi- 
cance, both as a guarantee that immigration at the present time does 
not necessarily mean acute competition for the lower-waged job, and 
also because, in the progress that persons of foreign parentage are 
making, this State offers a field of industrial opportunity that can not 
be questioned. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 347 



CHILD LABOR. 

When this study was undertaken the legislation relative to child 
labor was inadequate as compared to other States. This condition has 
changed considerably within the last two years, and for this reason 
it was deemed advisable to abandon this part of the study as referring 
to a condition which has been completely changed since 1905, when 
the last census was taken. 

17 



OWNERSHIP OF FARMS AND HOMES. 



One of the most reliable measures of permanent settlement and 
independent economic conditions may be found in the proportion of 
home and farm ownership. This is particularly true of small indus- 
trial communities, where land is still available in sections that are 
within easy reach of industrial centres. 

FARM OWNERSHIP. 

In considering the aggregate population of the New England 
States we find that farm ownership is found only in 75.48 per cent, of 
the total number of farmers, a figure that is lower than in any other 
of the New England States, and this condition applies not only to 
the aggregate farming population, but to the persons born in the 
United States, whose condition can perhaps more fairly be com- 
pared with the conditions of the same class of population in the other 
New England States. 

The foreign-born group of farmers which shows the smallest per- 
cent, of ownership is the group classed as other countries. It is 
interesting to note that in ^'ermont and in Rhode Island this group 
shows the lowest proportion of ownership. The highest per cent, of 
farm ownership in Rhode Island is shown by the Austro-Hungarians, 
a comparatively new populational element coming from an eminently 
agricultural country. The most striking fact apparent from the 
above table is that in every group of population Rhode Island shows 
a lower per cent, of ownership than any of the other States in New 
England. 

Whether this condition is due to the common practice of combin- 
ing farming with work in the factory, which makes the farmer a 
secondary and unimportant occupation, or whether it is due to econo- 
mic conditions inherent in the quality of the soil, the type of farming, 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



349 



and the recent changes in the form of ownership from an older class 
to a newer class of population, cannot be definitely stated. Certain 
it is that a radical change in the agriculture of this State is going 
on and that more serious changes and progress are needed. 

Table LXI, Showing the Ownership of Farms in the New England 
States by Country of Birth op Owners. 



States, Teebitobies, and 

COUNTBIES OF BlETH. 



Aggregate 

United States (or Unknown) 

Austro-Hungary 

Canada, (English) 

Canada, (French) 

Great Britain 

Germany 

Ireland 

Italy. 

Poland 

Russia 

Scandinavia 

Other countries 

Mixed foreign parentage 





Feb 


Cent. 


Faems Ow 
































JS 










a 








S 


6 


^ 






3 


cj 








JS 


W 


o 


6 




oj 


^ 




a 






V 








si 


iz; 


> 


§ 




S 



P^ 



90.15 


83.25 


93.89 


87.16 


91.03 


84.67 


94.00 


88.55 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


82.14 


81.15 


76.20 


92.62 


72.44 


79.88 


71.75 


94.15 


75.47 


83.88 


84.83 


92.55 


81.26 


92.31 


78.45 


92.97 


87.19 


90.01 


86.96 


94.65 


89.95 


66.67 


71.43 


94.44 


65.52 


75.00 


100.00 


100.00 


81.58 


80.00 


100.00 


100.00 


85.00 


81.94 


50.00 


94.00 


81.00 


78.69 


71.84 


90.32 


78.89 


83.86 


75.79 


91.83 


77.89 



75.48 
79.02 
80.00 
53.49 
53.79 
65.37 
69.69 
72.75 
59.74 



50.00 
60.60 
39.86 
63.16 



85.63 
86.59 
87.88 
58.45 
71.15 
79.56 
86.71 
88.53 
70.71 
81.08 
85.00 
73.62 
78.96 
76.38 



OWNERSHIP OF HOMES. 

In the ownership of homes, as in the ownership of farms, Rhode 
Island shows the lowest percentage. In the case of the homes the 
native born show the highest proportion of ownership (33.34 per 
cent.). This is, however, a lower proportion than is found in any of 
the other New England States for the same class of population, and, 



350 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



of course, the lowest maximum of any other State in the same section 
of the country. The minimum per cent, is shown by the Poles, who 
own only 6.82 per cent, of their homes. This minimum is higher 
than the minimum found in New Hampshire (3.54 per cent.), and in 
either case the latter class of population is quite new in these States. 
The causes of this low proportion of home owners are hard to ascer- 
tain. Industrial conditions have vastly to do with such a state, 
but what these conditions are can only be surmised from an examina- 
tion of the distribution of the working population b}' occupations, 
which, in the case of Rhode Island, as is evident from the figures 
given at various points in this work, shows a very decided concen- 
tration in least skilled and least remunerative occupations. 

Table LXII, Showing the Ownership of Homes in the New England 
States by Country of Birth of Owners. 



Per Cent, of Other Homes Owned. 



Aggregate 

United States (or Unknown) 

Austro-Hungary 

Canada (English) 

Canada (French) 

Germany 

Great Britain 

Ireland 

Italy 

Poland 

Russia 

Scandinavia 

Other countries 

Mixed foreign parentage 



36.93 

45.77 
2S.13 
25.48 
16.13 
35.94 
31.36 
33.35 
23.04 
3.54 
11.58 
22.03 
23.47 
28.25 



53.64 
49.38 
69.44 
62.68 
61.65 
54.74 
61.04 
50.04 
84.37 
88.64 
79.84 
79.81 
70.74 
61.22 



46.86 
52.29 
13.33 
37.80 
24.04 
39.86 
38.90 
42. 
20.96 
12.88 
9.97 
34.15 
30.10 
38.03 



30.95 
41.05 
20.30 
18.63 
14.78 
31.66 
26.06 
30.14 
10.01 
10.14 
11.25 
22.55 
21.20 
21.24 



25.30 
33.34 
16.67 
14.96 
11.90 
27.33 
22.42 
26.67 
10.60 
6.82 
10.35 
20.66 
13.24 
17.63 



31.45 
39.10 
12.55 
17.01 
12.02 
32.81 
28.94 
31.51 
9.91 
7.94 
10.68 
21.17 
26.74 
23.88 



CONCLUSIONS. 



In summarizing the results of this analysis it is impossible to draw 
comparisons between the different racial and nativity elements that 
make up the population of Rhode Island. All that can be done is to 
naeasure the changes that have taken place in the general compo- 
sition of the population and the relation of the populational elements 
to each other in point of numbers, marital condition, occupation, 
criminality, etc. As the population of the State is in process of 
formation and adjustment from the point of view of the social and 
economic conditions of the community, it is practically impossible to 
place any emphasis upon the degree of desirability or undesirability 
of one or another nativity or race group. The most that can be 
said is that certain conditions are evident from the statistical data 
at hand without any special forecast as to the future possibilities 
or value of one nativity group as compared with another nativity 
group. 

Increase in the Foreign Elements. 

The increase in the foreign-born element in Rhode Island in the 
last fifty years has been from 15.76 per cent, of the total population 
to 31.90 per cent, of the total population. In actual numbers the 
increase has been from 23,111 in 1850 to 153,154 in 1905, or an in- 
crease of over 562 per cent., while the increase in the population 
born in the United States was from 124,299 in 1850 to 326,928, or an 
increase of only 163 per cent., a considerable share of which was 
foreign stock that was counted as native after one generation. 

The figures relating to parentage show that in 1905 the natives of 
native parents were only one-half (49.48 per cent.) of the total 
number of native-born persons, while the other half was of foreign 
parentage or of mixed native and foreign parentage. At the last 



352 Nativity and Race Factors. 

census (1905) the number of persons of foreign parentage was almost 
twice as large as that of native parentage (33.56 per cent, native 
parents and 64.44 per cent, foreign parents), indicating a change in 
the last thirty years preceding the 1905 census from 47.8 per cent, 
of foreign parentage to 64.44 per cent. The largest element of 
foreign parentage being of Irish descent. 

Foreign Born in New England States. 
Rhode Island has a larger proportion of foreign-born population 
than any other New England State, but this is due mainly to the 
large number of persons born in England and Scotland and conse- 
quently not to elements which are generally considered undesirable. 

Age and Sex Distribution. 

The age distribution, as is naturally to be expected, is widely 
different among the native born as compared to foreign-born popu- 
lation. While the natives have only 50.6 per cent, persons of the 
ages of highest industrial efficiency (15 to 49 years of age), the for- 
eign-born have 72.2 per cent, persons of these ages. 

In the matter of sex distribution the differences, when taken by 
age groups, are practically negligible. The females who are more 
likely to find employment in the years of early womanhood are more 
numerous at that age than the males, while between the ages of 30 
to 39 the males show a larger proportion of persons than the females. 

The Causes of Emigration. 
From the study that it was found possible to make in connection 
with this bulletin, it is evident that a number of far-reaching causes 
are at work in producing the exodus from European countries which 
has so largely contributed towards the increase in the foreign popula- 
tion of the United States, and of Rhode Island in particular. In the 
last analysis the causes of emigration are : industrial depression pro- 
duced by bad government and lack of industrial development; 
changes from the agricultural to the industrial types of occupations 
among certain rural inhabitants and the rural exodus out of pro- 
portion with the needs of industry, in the countries affected by such 



Nativity and Race Factors. 353 

changes, the political persecutions and racial discrimination among 
the races within the boundaries of the same countries; the establish- 
ment of foreign colonies in the United States by the segregation 
of foreign elements of the same nationality and race in specific lo- 
calities; and the better opportunities to obtain work and a living 
wage in this country than in Europe. These are the main causes at 
work, although steamship agencies, labor agents, advertisers, and 
boomers of various kinds are responsible for a large share of the in- 
flux of foreign people. 

Conjugal Condition. 
The most striking fact shown by the statistics on conjugal condition 
is the lower per cent, of married persons born in the United States 
of foreign parents than the per cent, of married persons of either 
native parents or foreign born. If this should hold true with all 
nationalities it would indicate a tendency among the natives of for- 
eign parents which points to a reduction in the potential fecundity 
of this class of population. How far this is actually taking place 
has not been ascertained. 

Fecundity and Employment. 

Owing to the absence of data relative to birth by years of mar- 
riage of parents it is impossible to measure accurately the influence 
that employment has upon fecundity. The figures seem to indicate 
a somewhat lower fecundity among employed women, but this may 
be rather the cause than the effect of employment. A striking fact 
shown by the figures on employment of married women is the 
greater frequency of employment among native women with a large 
number of children than among the foreign born. 

Religion and Fecundity. 

The figures on religion and fecundity are of practically no value 
in Rhode Isand owing to the relation that exists between the racial 
and religious elements, which makes it impossible to separate the 
influence of the religious from purely racial fecundity characters. 



354 Nativity and Race Factors. 

Illiteracy and Fecunclity. 
The data on this subject are very limited to be of any permanent 
value. Indications are that illiteracy has some bearing upon fe- 
cundity, which is manifested by a larger number of children among 
illiterate married women than among literate women. This is 
particularly true of the native born, which show a much larger pro- 
portion of women with five or more children (49.14 per cent.) than 
the literate native women (41.40 per cent). The difference in 
the fecundity of foreign born married women when considered on 
the basis of literacy is much less. Whether the higher fecundity is 
due to the racial origin of the illiterate women, whether it is due 
to the economic condition under which illiterate persons generally 
live, or whether the actual failure to receive an education sufficient 
to be classed as a literate person indicates a mental and physical de- 
velopment which would lead to a higher fecundity, can not be de- 
finitely ascertained statistically. 

Assimilation.. 
As has been said in the chapter on assimilation, there is no exact 
method of measuring the degree and rapidity with which the new 
elements in this country are becoming adjusted to the economic, 
social, and political conditions which characterize their new en- 
vironment, but certain indices may be used in determining, at least 
in certain aspects of assimilation, the degree of adjustment that the 
new people have reached. Among these indices are citizenship, 
or voting, school attendance, and illiteracy. 

Voting. 
The figures on pages 288 and 289 clearly show that there is a dis- 
tinct difference in the use of the voting privilege among the various 
classes of the possible voters in the State. The natives of native 
parents have the highest per cent, of voters out of the total number 
of possible voters (93.3 per cent.), the natives of foreign parents are 
next in order with a voting per cent, of 91.9, and the lowest per cent, 
of voters is found among the foreign born (88.5 per cent). On the 
whole, it is evident that the differences are not considerable. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 355 

When we consider the particular nationalities from the point of 
view of the advantage taken of the voting privilege, we find that 
the Irish exceed the voting per cent, of the natives of native parents 
and the natives of foreign parents. The smallest amount of voting 
is found among the newer arrivals and among the people that are here 
in small numbers. The persons born in Sweden and France show 
a very small proportion of voters compared to the average voting 
among the foreign born. That many other elements besides na- 
tionality enter into the determination of the voting tendencies among 
the foreign born there remains no doubt, but a closer analysis is 
impossible owing to the absence of accurate statistics. 

ScJwol Attemlance. 
As in the case of voting, in school attendance we find that the 
natives of native parents attend school more frequently than the 
natives of foreign parents and the foreign born. The condition 
giving the natives of native parents the first rank, the natives of 
foreign parents the second, and to the foreign born the third rank 
in school attendance is a natural condition which shows that the 
assimilative influences are at work with good results in the second 
generation. It is also evident from the figures that while the school 
attendance follows a natural order in this State, when compared 
with conditions in other States Rhode Island stands very low in 
point of proportion of school attendance. This is particularly true 
in the case of the advanced ages, or in other words the higher educa- 
tional institution, where .Rhode Island shows a very small per cent, 
of school attendance as compared with other New England States. 
This condition applies to all of nativity classes. 

Illiteracy. 
The general figures on ihiteracy in Rhode Island show that there 
is a very small difference in the rate of illiteracy of the native of 
native parents as compared to the native of foreign parents. The 
illiteracy of the foreign born, however, is almost two and a half 
times higher than that of the natives of native parents. The figures 



356 Nativity and Race Factors. 

in the twelfth census of the United States show that the rate of il- 
literacy among the natives of native parents is about one-half of that 
of the natives of foreign parents, and the rate of illiteracy of the 
foreign born in the cities is twelve times that of the natives of 
foreign parents. In the country districts practically the same rela- 
tions hold true, but the actual amount of illiteracy is much higher 
than in the cities. Rhode Island shows on the whole a higher illit- 
eracy of children between ten and fourteen years of age than the av- 
erage for the New England States, and than most States in this sec- 
tion. It is important to point out, however, that the illiteracy in 
Rhode Island has decreased very rapidly in the ten years that sep- 
arated the eleventh from the twelfth federal census. 

Criminality. 

The analysis which was made possible through a combination 
of sources of statistical information point clearly to the following 
conclusions : 

1. The native population furnishes a larger proportion of prison- 
ers than the foreign born. 

2. The female foreign population in minor offences shows a much 
higher criminality than the native population. 

3. Persons born in the United States show a rate of criminality 
for serious offences higher than any other nativity group with the 
exception of the Italians, who show a slightly higher criminality 
than the native born. 

Juvenile Delinquency. 

The rate of juvenile delinquency in Rhode Island seems to be higher 
for the natives than for the foreign born. When we consider the 
figures for the States in the North Atlantic division of this countr}-, 
we find that in 1904 the proportion of juvenile delinquency in Rhode 
Island was higher than in any other State, but this high rate of 
juvenile delinquency was due to the native and not to the foreign 
population. Whether a large part of juvenile delinquency born in 



Nativity and Race Factors. 357 

the United States was of foreign parents or not can not be stated, 
owing to the absence of data on this point. Certain it is, however, 
that the efficient method of dealing with juvenile delinquency in this 
State is responsible for a large share of this high rate of delinquency. 

Occupation. 

The figures on occupation indicate the following tendencies : 

1. The better paid occupations are controlled by the native born 
population. 

2. The natives of foreign parents are making progress in occupa- 
tional'advantages, and the last three State censuses show a moving 
upward of the foreign elements which have been in this country for 
long periods of time. 

3. There is a tendency among some of the native born and the 
immigrants, whose numbers have increased rapidly in the last ten 
\-ears, to go into the less skilled occupations. 

4. The female workers born in the United States of foreign par- 
ents and the foreign born are more frequently engaged in gainful 
occupations than the natives of native parents, but this frequency is 
found only in the earlier periods of life. 

5. Native women are wage earners during a longer period in life 
than the foreign born, but the native female workers of foreign pa- 
rents, after a sudden decrease in proportion at 25 years of age, 
show a larger number of occupied women during the working age 
than the native women of native parents. 

6. Conjugal condition seems to interfere more extensively with 
employment among the foreign born than among the native females. 

Oivnership of Homes. 

Owing to the absence of any reliable index of economic condition 
by nativity we have used the ownership of homes as at least a partial 
index of such condition. 

We find in Rhode Island that both in the case of farm ownership 
and the ownership of homes the rate is lower than in any of the 



35S Nativity and Race Factors. 

other States in New England, and that the highest per cent, owner- 
ship of farms is shown by the Austro-Hungarians and the highest 
ownership of homes is found among the native born. The general 
rate of ownership, however, is indicative of a somewhat unstable 
economic condition. 

On the whole, the conditions of the population, when studied from 
the point of view of racial differences, show a steady progress which 
compares favorably with the general progress made by the old 
settlers of this State, and shows that the foreign elements are ad- 
justing themselves to American standards with remarkable ease and 
rapidity. 



DIAGRAMS 



SHOWING DISTRIBUTION 



OF 



OCCUPATIONS BY NATIVITY. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



361 



diagram I.— occupations. 

Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Agents and Sales- 
people. 
10% 20% 30% 40% 45% 



United States 

Ireland 

Canada-French 

England 

Italy 

Other Countries. . . . 
Scotland and Wales. 

Sweden 

Canada-English 

Germany 

Portugal 

Russia 



DIAGRAM II.— OCCUPATIONS . 

Distributed According to per cent, of each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Agricultural! 

Pursuits. 
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 55% 



United States 

Ireland 

Canada-French .... 

England 

Italy 

Other Countries . . . 
Scotland and Wales 

Sweden 

Canada-English . . . 

Germany 

Portugal 

Russia 



n 



362 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



DIAGRAM III.— occupations. 

Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied as Workers on 

Articles of Apparel. 



United States 

Ireland 

Canada-French 

England 

Italy 

Other Countries .... 
Scotland and Wales. 

Sweden 

Canada-English 

Germany 

Portugal 

Russia 



10° 



20"; 



DIAGRAM IV.— OCCUPATIONS. 

Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied as Apprentices and 

Helpers. 

10% 20% 



United States 

Ireland 

Canada-French 

England 

Italy 

Other Countries 

Scotland and Wales. 

Sweden ; 

Canada-English 

Germany 

Portugal 

Russia 



y Nativity and Race Factors. 



363 



diagram v.— occupations. - 

Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Bankers and Brokers. 

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 75% 



United States 

Ireland 

Canada-French. . . . 

England 

Italy 

Other Countries . . . 
Scotland and Wales 
Canada-English . . . 
Germany 



DIAGRAM VI.— OCCUPATIONS. 
Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationahty Gainfully Occupied in Building Trades. 

10% 20% 30% 35% 



United States 

Ireland 

Canada-French 

England ,. . . 

Italy 

Other Countries 

Scotland and AVales. 

Sweden 

Canada-English 

Germany 

Portugal 

Russia 



364 



Nativity and Race Factors, 



DIAGRAM VII.— occupations. 

Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Clerical Work. 
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 55% 



United States 

Ireland 

Canada-French. . . . 

England 

Italy 

Other Countries . . . 
Scotland and Wales 

Sweden 

Canada-English. . . . 

Germany 

Portugal 

Russia 



DIAGRAM VIII.— OCCUPATIONS. 

Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Domestic and 

Personal Service. 



United States 

Ireland 

Canada-French 

England 

Italy 

Other Countries . . . 
Scotland and Wales 

Sweden 

Canada-English 

Germany 

Portugal 

Russia 



10% 



20% 



30% 35% 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



365 



DIAGRAM IX.— OCCUPATIONS. 

Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Food and Kindred 

Products. 



10% 



20% 



30% 



40% 



United States 

Ireland 

Canada-French 

England 

Italy 

Other Countries . . . . 
Scotland and Wales 

Sweden 

Canada-English 

Germany 

Portugal 

Russia 




DIAGRAM X.— OCCUPATIONS. 

Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied as "Government 

Employees." 



United States 

Ireland 

Canada-French . . . 

Engl and 

Italy 

Other Countries . , 
Scotland and Wales 

Sweden 

Canada-English. . . . 

Germany 

Portugal 

Russia 



10% 



20% 



30% 



40% 



45% 




366 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



DIAGRAM XI.— OCCUPATIONS. 

Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Hotel and 

Restaurant Keepers. 
10% 20% 30% 40% 



United States 

Ireland 

Canada-French 

England 

Italy 

Other Countries. . . 
Scotland and Wales 

Sweden 

Canada-English. . . . 

Germany 

Portugal 

Russia 



■^ 




^" 




















B 




^^* 




. 


1 














■ 





1 



DI AGRAM[ XII.— OCCUPATIONS . 

Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in "Jewelry and 
Gold and Silver Workers." 



United States- ■ • • • 

Ireland • • 

Canada-French .... 

England 

Italy 

Other Countries . . . 
Scotland and Wales 

Sweden 

Canada-English . . . 

Germany 

Portugal 

Russia 



10% 



20% 



30% 35% 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



367 



DIAGRAM XIII.— OCCUPATIONS. 

Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Laborers, Ex- 
cepting Garden and Nursery. 

10% 20% 



United States 

Ireland 

■Canada-French 

England 

Italy 

Other Countries 

Scotland and Wales. 
Sweden 

Canada-English 

Germany 

Portugal 

Russia 



■ 

■ 

I 



DIAGRAM XIV.— OCCUPATIONS. 
Distributed According to per cent, of each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Liquors and 



Beverages. 
10% 



20% 



30% 



40% 45% 



United States 

Ireland 

Canada-French 

England 

Italy 

Other Countries .... 
Scotland and Wales. 

Sweden 

Canada-English 

Germany 

Portugal 

Russia 




n 



368 



Nativity and R,ace Factors. 



DIAGRAM XV.— OCCUPATIONS. 

Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Lumber and its 

Remanufacture. 



10% 



20% 



30% 



35% 



United States 

Ireland 

Canada-French 

England 

Italy 

Other Countries 

Scotland and Wales. 

Sweden 

Canada-English 

Germany 

Portugal 

Russia 




DIAGRAM XVI.— OCCUPATIONS. 

Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Manufacture 

Baser Metals. 

10% 20% 25% 



United States 

Ireland 

Canada-French 

England 

Italy 

Other Countries .... 
Scotland and Wales. 

Sweden 

Canada-English 

Germany 

Portugal 

Russia 



^" 


■■™ 




■■■™ 


"" 










1 














■ 
1 


1 





Nativity and Race Factors. 



369 



diagram XVII.— occupations. 

Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainf ully Occupied in Manufacture 
Miscellaneous Establishments. 



10% 



20% 



30% 35% 



Jnited States 

Ireland 

Canada-French. . . . 

England 

Italy 

Other Countries . . . 
Scotland and Wales 

■Sweden 

Canada-English. . . . 

Germany 

Portugal 

Russia 




DIAGRAM XVIII.— OCCUPATIONS. 

Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Manufacture 

Textiles. 

10% 20% 25% 



United States 

Ireland 

Canada-French 

England 

Italy 

Other Countries .... 
Scotland and Wales. 

Sweden 

Canada-English 

Germany 

Portugal 

Russia 



™" 


■^ 




^™ 


^" 


1 








■ 






^^ 






■ 




^^m 










in 




m 

1 

1 


■ 





370 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



DIAGRAM XIX.— OCCUPATIONS. 

Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Merchants or 

Dealers, " Retail." 



10% 



20% 



30% 



40% 




DIAGRAMIXX.— OCCUPATIONS. 

Distributed According to per cent, of EachJNationalityLGainfuUylOccupied in Professional 

Service. 



10% 



20% 



30% 



40% 



50% 



60% 



United States 

Ireland 

Canada-French 

England 

Italy 

Other Countries. . . . 
Scotland and Wales. 

Sweden 

Canada-English .... 

Germany 

Portugal 

Russia 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



371 



diagram XXI.— occupations. 

Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied, Printing and 

Publishing. 



10% 



20% 



30% 



40% 



50% 



United States 

Ireland 

C anada-French 

England 

Italy 

Other Countries .... 
Scotland and Wales. 

Sweden 

Canada-English 

Germany 

Portugal 

Russia 



■ 
I 
I 



')IAGRAM XXII.— OCCUPATIONS. 

Distributed:According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in "Trade Other 

Persons in." 
10% 20% 30% 35% 

United States 

Ireland. 

Canada-French 

England 

Italy 

Other Countries 

Scotland and Wales. 

Sweden 

Canada-English 

Germany 

Portugal 

Russia 




372 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



DIAGRAM XXIII.— occupations. 
Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Transportation. 

10% 20% 30% 40% 



United States 

Ireland 

Canada-French 

England 

Italy 

Other Countries .... 
Scotland and Wales. 

Sweden 

Canada-English 

Germany 

Portugal 

Russia 



I 



DIAGRAM XXIV.— OCCUPATIONS. 
Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Industries not Specified. 
10% 20% 30% 40%, 45% 



United States 

Ireland 

Canada-French 

England 

Italy 

Other Countries. . . . 
Scotland and Wales. 

Sweden 

Canada-English 

Germany 

Portugal 

Russia 




Nativity and Race Factors. 



373 



diagram I.— occupations. 

Each Class Shown in Per Cent, to Total Wage Earners of the State. 

5% 10% 15% 



20% 



24% 



Manufacture (textiles) 

Domestic and personal service 

Manufacture (baser metals) 

Laborers, excepting garden and nursery. 

Building trades 

Transportation 

Manufacture (misc. establishments) 

Agents and salespeople 

Agricultural pursuits 

Apparel, workers on articles of 

Clerical work 

Jewelry, and gold and silver workers 

Professional service 

Merchants or dealers, retail 

Industries not specified 

Trade, other persons in 

Government employees 

Liquors and beverages 

Food and kindred products . 

Apprentices and helpers 

Lumber and its remanufacture 

Printing and publishing 

Hotel and restaurant keepers 

Bankers and brokers 



374 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



DIAGRAM 11. 

Distribution of "Wage Earners, Showing Per Cent, to Total Number of Race, byllndustrial 

Classes. 



UNITED STATES, 



Manufacture (textiles) 

Domestic and personal service 

Agricultural pursuits 

Transportation 

Agents and salespeople 

Clerical work 

Professional service , 

Manufacture (miscellaneous establishments) . 

Building trades 

Manufacture (baser metals) 

Jewelry, and gold and silver workers 

Merchants or dealers, retail , 

Laborers, excepting garden and nursery. ... 

Industries not specified 

Apparel, workers on articles of 

Government employees 

Trade, other persons in 

Food and kindred products 

Printing and publishing 

Hotel and restaurant keepers 

Lumber and its remanufacture 

Apprentices and helpers 

Bankers and brokers 

Liquors and beverages 




15% 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



375 



DIAGRAM III. 

Distribution of Wage Earners, Showing Per Cent, to Total Number of Race, by Industrial 

Classes. 



CANADA-ENGLISH. 



5% 



10% 



15% 20% 



Domestic and personal service 

Manufacture (textiles) 

Building trades • 

Manufacture (baser metals) 

Manufacture (miscellaneous establishments) 

Transportation 

Agents and salespeople 

Clerical work 

Apparel, workers on articles of 

Jewelry, and gold and silver workers 

Professional service 

Laborers, excepting garden and nursery 

Agricultural pursuits 

Industries not specified 

Merchants or dealers, retail 

Trade, other persons in 

Hotel and restaurant keepers 

Apprentices and helpers 

Government employees 

Lumber and its remanufacture 

Food and kindred products 

Printing and publishing 

Liquors and beverages 

Bankers and brokers. I 




376 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



DIAGRAM IV. 

Distribution of Wage Earners, Showing Per Cent, to Total Number of Race, by Industrial Classes. 

CANADA-FRENCH. 



5% 



10 Tc 



IS' 



20% 



25% 



30% 



35% 40% 



45% 



3 

3 

4 

6 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

13 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

30 

31 

33 

33 

34 




9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 



Manufacture (textiles). 

Building trades. 

Laborers, excepting garden and nursery. 

Manufacture (baser metals). 

Domestic and personal service. 

Transportation. 

Apparel, workers on articles of. 

Agents and salespeople. 

Manufacture (miscellaneous establishments). 

Agricultural pursuits. 

Industries not specified. 

Professional service. 



13. Merchants or dealers, retail. 

14. Jewelry, and gold and silver workers. 

15. Liquors and beverages. 

16. Food and kindred products. 

17. Clerical work. 

18. Lumber and its remanufacture. 

19. Apprentices and helpers. 

20. Trade, other persons in. 

21. Government employees. 

22. Hotel and restaurant keepers 

23. Printing and publishing. 

24. Bankers and brokers. 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



377 



diagram v. 

Distribution of Wage Earners, Showing Per Cent, to Total Number of Race, by Industrial Classes. 



ENGLAND. 
5% 10% 15% 



20% 



25% 30% 35% 40% 



Manufacture (textiles) 

Manufacture (baser metals) 

Manufacture (misc. establishments) . . 
Domestic and personal service. ...... 

Jewelry, and gold and silver workers . . 

Building trades 

Agents and salespeople 

Clerical work 

Transportation 

Professional service 

Laborers, except garden and nursery . 

Apparel, workers on articles of 

Merchants or dealers, retail 

Agricultural pursuits 

Industries not specified 

Trade, other persons in 

Apprentices and helpers 

Government employeees 

Printing and publishing 

Liquors and beverages 

Hotel and restaurant keepers 

Food and kindred products 

Lumber and its remanufacture 

Bankers and brokers 




k 



378 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



DIAGRAM VI. 

Distribution of Wage Earners, Showing Per Cent, to Total Number of Race, by Industrial 

Classes. 



GERMANY. 

5% 10% 



15% 



20% 



25% 



Manufacture (textiles) 

Domestic and personal service 

Jewelry, gold and silver workers 

Manufacture, (misc. establishments) .... 

Manufacture (baser metals). 

Apparel, workers on articles of 

Agents and salespeople 

Professional service 

Liquors and beverages 

Building trades 

Clerical work 

Food and kindred products. 

Merchants or dealers, retail 

Transportation 

Agricultural pursuits 

Industries not specified 

Laborers, excepting garden and nursery. , 

Trade, other persons in 

Lumber and its remanufacture 

Government employees 

Apprentices and helpers 

Hotel and restaurant keepers 

Printing and publishing 

Bankers and brokers 




Nativity and Race Factors. 



379 



diagram VII. 

Distribution of Wage Earners, Showing Per Cent, to Total Number of Race, by Industrial 

Classes. 

IRELAND. 



10% 15% 



25% 



Manufacture (textiles) 

Domestic and personal service 

Manufacture (baser metals) 

Laborers, exc. garden and nursery 

Transportation 

Agents and salespeople 

Manufacture (misc. establishments). . . 

Apparel, workers on articles of 

Jewelry, and gold and silver workers. . 

Clerical work 

Professional service 

Agricultural pursuits 

Liquors and beverages 

Merchants or dealers, retail 

Government employees 

Industries not specified 

Trade, other persons in 

Apprentices and helpers 

Food and kindred products 

Hotel and restaurant keepers 

Printing and publishing 

Lumber and its remanuf acture 

Bankers and brokers 




380 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



DIAGEAM VIII. 
Distribution of Wage Earners, Showing Per Cent, to Total Number of Race, by Industrial 



ITALY. 

5% 10% 



15% 



20% 



25% 



30% 



35% 



Manufacture (textiles) 

Laborers, exc. garden and nursery. . . . 

Apparel, workers on articles of 

Agricultural pursuits 

Domestic and personal service 

Manufacture (misc. establishments) . . 

Manufacture (baser metals) 

Building trades 

Industries not specified 

Merchants or dealers, retail 

■Jewelry, and gold and silver workers . . 

Government employees 

Apprentices and helpers 

Transportation 

Trade, other persons in 

Food and kindred products 

Liquors and beverages 

Agents and salespeople 

Professional service 

Clerical work 

Hotel and restaurant keepers 

Lumber and its remanufacture 

Printing and publishing 

Bankers and brokers 




Nativity and Race Factors. 



381 



diagram IX. 

Distribution of AVage Earners, Showing Per Cent, to Total Number of Race, by Industrial 

Classes. 

PORTUGAL. 



5% 



10% 



15-; 



20^ 



25% 



Agricultural pursuits 

Laborers, excepting garden and nursery . 

Transportation 

Domestic and personal service 

Apparel, workers on articles of 

Manufacture (textiles) 

Manufacture (misc. establishments) 

Manufacture (baser metals) 

Industries not specified 

Building trades 

Food and kindred products 

.\gents and salespeople 

Jewelry, and gold and silver workers ... 

Liquors and beverages 

Apprentices and helpers 

Merchants or dealers, retail 

Government employees 

Lumber and its remanufacture 

Clerical work 

Trade, other persons in 

Professional service | 

Printing and publishing 

Hotel and restaurant keepers 

Bankers and brokers 




382 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



DIAGRAM X. 

Distribution of Wage Earners, Showing Per Cent, to Total Number of Race, by Industrial 

Classes. 

RUSSIA. 



5% 



10% 



15% 



20% 



Trade, other persons in 

Merchants or dealers, retail 

Apparel, workers on articles of.. . .' 

Jewelry, and gold and silver workers 

Agents and salespeople 

Manufacture (textiles) 

Manufacture (miscellaneous establishments) .... 

Manufacture (baser metals) 

Building trades 

Transportation . 

Industries not specified 

Laborers, excepting garden and nursery 

Domestic and personal service 

Professional service 

Food and kindred products 

Clerical work 

Liquors and beverages 

Lumber and its remanufacture 

Apprentices and helpers 

Agricultural pursuits 

Hotel and restaurant keepers 

Printing and publishing 

Government employees i 

Bankers and brokers 




Nativity and Race Factors. 



383 



diagram XI. 

Distribution of Wage Earners, Showing Per Cent, to Total Number of Race, by Industrial 

Classes. 

SCOTLAND AND WALES. 



5% 



10% 



15^ 



20% 



25% 



30% 



Manufacture (textile) 

Manufacture (baser metals) 

Manufacture (misc. establishments) . 

Domestic and personal service 

Building trades 

Agents and salespeople 

Clerical work 

Jewelry, and gold and silver workers . 

Professional service 

Transportation 

Industries not specified 

Agricultural pursuits 

Laborers, exc. garden and nursery . . 

Apparel, workers on articles of 

Merchants or dealers, retail 

Apprentices and helpers 

Trade, other persons in 

Food and kindred products 

•Government employees ." 

Printing and publishing 

Hotel and restaurant keepers 

Lumber and its remanufacture 

Xiquors and beverages 

Bankers and brokers 




384 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



DIAGRAM XII. 

Distribution of Wage Earners, Showing Per Cent, to Total Number of Race, by Industrial 

Classes. 

SWEDEN. 






10% 



IS"; 



20% 



25% 



Domestic and personal service 

Manufacture (baser metals) 

Manufacture (textiles) 

Building trades 

Agricultural pursuits 

Jewelry, and gold and silver workers. 

Transportation 

Manufacture (misc. establishments). . . 

Laborers, exc. garden and nursery 

Apparel, workers on articles of 

Agents and salespeople 

Clerical work 

Industries not specified 

Apprentices and helpers 

Professional service 

Lumber and its remanufacture 

Food and kindred products 

Merchants or dealers, retail 

Trade, other persons in 

Government employees 

Hotel and restaurant keepers 

Liquors and beverages 

Printing and publishing 

Bankers and brokers 




Nativity and Race Factors. 



385 



diagram XIII. 

Distribution of Wage Earners, Showing Per Cent, to Total Number of Race, by Industrial 

Classes. 

OTHER COUNTRIES. 



5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 



Manufacture (textiles) 

Domestic and personal service 

Manufacture (baser metals) 

Laborers, except garden and nursery . 

Apparel, workers on articles of 

Jewelry, and gold and silver workers . . 

Merchants or dealers, retail 

Industries not specified 

Manufacture (misc. establishments) . . 

Trade, other persons in 

Agents and salespeople 

Transportation ■ 

Building trades 

Food and kindred products 

Professional service 

Agricultural pursuits 

Apprentices and helpers 

Clerical work 

Lumber and its remanufacture 

Hotel and restaurant keepers 

Liquors and beverages 

Printing and publishing 

Government employees 

Bankers and brokers 




n 



386 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



<; 


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388 



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Nativity and Race Factors. 



389 



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in 





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in 




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<t)<;ooac!MMfaP^a20S 



390 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



< 

a 

z 

<: 

o 
z 
w 

^; 

a 



m 


H 


s^ 


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U 




p:3 


tc 




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to 


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c-i 


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rt 


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in 


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c-l 




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CO 


■^ 


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to 


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m 


in 


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n 


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1 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



391 









O C3 


t^ ?D ^3 05 cc 


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a- 


0- 


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o 


, 




z 


b ^ 


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t> 


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z. 


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05 






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& 


Til r-T 


























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X CD LO O O lO C^ 


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CSI 


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c 


a 


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c 


o 






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l-T W 


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cc 


r- 


X 


cc 


CO 


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p 

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cc 


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gricultural 
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394 



Nativity axd Race Factors. 



a 
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in 


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rt" -h" oi" 


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1 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



395 



02 



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396 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



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Nativity and Race Factors. 



397 



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ood and kii 
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anufacture 
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rofessional 
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ransportati 
idustries, n 








H<<t!<:<jmmoQtL<omH:?H5S^sssSfc(i;HH5 








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398 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



w 

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Agents and f 
Agricultural 
Apparel, woi 
Apprentices 
Bankers and 
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Clerical worl 
Domestic an 
Food and kii 
Government 
Hotel and re 
Jewelry and 
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408 



Nativity and Race Factors 



Table LXXXIII. — Wage Earners by Industrial Classes, and by Place 
OF Birth of Father. 



Industrial Class. 



1 Agents and salespeople 

2 Agricultural pursuits 

3 Apparel, workers on articles of 

4 Apprentices and helpers 

5 Bankers and brokers 

6 Building trades 

7 Clerical work 

8 Domestic and personal service 

9 Food and kindred products 

10 Government employees 

11 Hotel and restaurant keepers 

12 Jewelry, and gold and silver workers 

13 Laborers, excepting garden and nursery. . . . 

14 Liquors and beverages 

15 Lumber and its reman ufacture 

16 Manufacture, baser metals 

17 Manufacture, miscellaneous establishments. 

18 Manufacture, textiles 

19 Merchants or dealers, retail 

20 Professional service 

21 Printing and publishing 

22 Trade, other persons in 

23 Transportation 

24 Industries not specified 



257 
738 
809 
101 
621 
840 
742 
712 
710 
332 
378 
404 
483 
424 
,423 
,850 
380 
424 
,862 
256 
,390 
559 
840 
,503 



5,298 

6,299 

2,199 

486 

490 

4,300 

5,084 

7,992 

1,166 

1,560 

603 

2,978 

2,513 

284 

506 

4,004 

4,502 

8,463 

2,621 

5,024 

707 

1,266 

5,331 

2,499 



283 

132i 

242 

57 

9 

466 

266 

825 

44 

54 

71 

215 

180 

31 

48 

446 

319 

760 

106 

207 

38 

96 

314 

127 



Total ! 224,038 



76,175 



5,336 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



409 



Table LXXXIII. — Wage Eakners by Industrial Classes, and by Place 
OF Birth op Father. — Concluded. 



H 



O 



CO 



961 

429 

511 

259 

32 

1,000 

857 

1,224 

129 

221 

132 

1.099 

571 

141 

120 

2,272 

1,307 

8,076 

492 

623 

165 

318 

663 

393 

21,995 



245 

138 

285 

50 

5 

179 

178 

559 

157 

61 

40 

452 

117 

200 

64 

323 

367 

1,113 

153 

201 

33 

70 

151 

137 



2,333 

1,115 

2,209 

452 

31 

2,206 

1,452 

6,384 

296 

881 

293 

1,956 

3,033 

1,100 

207 

3,856 

2,251 

11,674 

899 

1,206 

256 

582 

2,801 

761 



5,278i 48,234 



121 
660 
865 
216 
6 
335 

46 
651 
180 
226 

20 

230 

2,803 

178 

14 
338 
523 
3,870 
247 
109 

11 
182 
185 
260 

12,276 



51 
807 
280 

25 



118 

15 

363 

68 

24 

3 

3 

637 

27 

20 

176 

186 

214 

24 

10 

4 

11 

606 

124 

3,830 



237 
12 

32 
12 



77 

50 

66 

53 

4 

11 

269 

69 

41 

15 

92 

126 

169 

383 

53 

9 

475 

72 

71 

2,693 



318 

166 

155 

79 

3 

337 

247 

466 

76 

67 

32 

196 

161 

20 

25 

560 

534 

1,544 

151 

190 

43 

78 

180 

178 



130 

279 

184 

96 



516 

125 

1,247 

46 

34 

29 

263 

202 

17 

70 

863 

231 

619 

46 

74 

14 

45 

248 

100 

5,478 



253 

144 

493 

126 

9 

176 

102 

762 

172 

40 

65 

378 

499 

54 

75 

515 

267 

3,243 

342 

157 

49 

261 

177 

298 

8,657 



410 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



Table LXXXIV. — Per Cent, of Wage Earners in Each Race to the 
Total of all Races' in each Industrial Class. 



Industrial Class. 



1 Agents and salespeople 

2 Agricultural pursuits 

3 Apparel, workers on articles of 

4 Apprentices and helpers 

5 Bankers and brokers 

6 Building trades 

7 Clerical work 

8 Domestic and personal service 

9 Food and kindred products 

10 Government employees 

11 Hotel and restaurant keepers 

12 Jewelry, and gold and silver workers 

13 Laborers, excepting garden and nursery. . . 

14 Liquors and beverages 

15 Lumber and its remanufacture 

16 Manufacture, baser metals 

17 Manufacture, miscellaneous establishments 

18 Manufacture, textiles 

19 Merchants or dealers, retail 

20 Professional service 

21 Printing and publishing 

22 Trade, other persons in 

23 Transportation 

24 Industries not specified 



100.00 
100 00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 



47.06 
58.66 
24.96 
23.13 
78.90 
36.32 
58.16 
36.81 
43.03 
46.82 
43.76 
35.43 
20.13 
11.71 
35.56 
26.96 
39.56 
15.84 
44.71 
60.85 
50.86 
35.57 
45.03 
45.41 



2.51 
1.23 
2.75 
2.71 
1.45 
3.93 
3.04 
3.80 
1.62 
1.62 
5.15 
2.56 
1.44 
1.28 
3.37 
3.00 
2.80 
1.42 
1.81 
2.51 
2.73 
2.70 
2.65 
2.31 



as a 



.12 

9.19 

12.02 

11.57 

5.80 

17.99 

3.66 

5.40 

11.92 

4.80 

5.73 

3.94 

13.60 

13.66 

18.20 

9.46 

6.74 

25.61 

6.79 

4.87 

4.39 

4.92 

9.39 

10.09 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



411 



Table LXXXIV. — Per Cent, of Wage Earners in each Race to the 
Total of all Races in each Industrial Class. — Concluded. 















IP 

i 




J 


1^ 

a S 




11 


.1 


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1 . 


8.64 


2.18 


20.73 


1.08 


.45 


2.11 


2.82 


1.15 


2.25 


3.99 


1.28 


10.38 


6.15 


7.25 


.11 


1.5 


5 2.60 


1.34 


5.80 


3.23 


25.08 


9.82 


3.18 


3.71 


1.76 


2.09 


5.60 


12.33 


2.38 


21.51 


10.28 


1.19 


.57 


3.76 


4.57 


6.00 


5.15 


.81 
1.51 


4.99 
18.63 


.97 
2.83 






.48 
2.85 


4.36 


1.45 


8.44 


1.00 


.65 


1.49 


9.80 


2.04 


16.61 


.53 


.17 


.57 


2.82 


1.43 


1.17 


5.64 


2.57 


29.40 


3.00 


1.67 


.30 


2.15 


6.75 


3.51 


4.76 


5.79 


10.92 


6.64 


2.51 


1.96 


2.80 


1.70 


6.35 


6.64 


1.83 


26.44 


6.78 


.72 


.12 


2.01 


1.02 


1.20 


9.58 


2.90 


21.26 


1.45 


.22 


.80 


2.32 


2.11 


4.72 


13.08 


5.38 


23.27 


2.74 


.44 


3.20 


2.33 


3.13 


4.50 


4.58 


.94 


24.30 


22.46 


5.10 


.55 


1.29 


1.61 


4.00 


5.82 


8.25 


45.38 


75.34 


1.11 


1.70 


.82 


.70 


2.23 


8.43 


4.50 


14.55 


.98 


1.41 


1.05 


1.76 


4.92 


6.27 


15.30 


2,17 


25.97 


2.28 


1.19 


.62 


3.77 


5.81 


3.47 


11.49 


3.22 


19.78 


4.59 


1.64 


1.11 


4.69 


2.03 


2.35 


15.12 


2.08 


21.85 


7.24 


.40 


.32 


2.89 


1.16 


6.07 


8.39 


2.61 


15.34 


4.21 


.41 


6.53 


2.58 


. .79 


5.83 


7.55 


2.43 


14.61 


1.32 


.12 


.64 


2.30 


.90 


1.90 


11.87 


2.37 


18.42 


.79 


.29 


.65 


3.09 


1.01 


3.53 


8.94 


1.97 


16.35 


5.14 


.31 


13.35 


2.19 


1.26 


7.33 


5.60 


1.28 


23.66 


1.56 


5.12 


.61 


1.52 


2.09 


1.49 


7.14 


2.49 


13.83 


4.72 


2.25 


1.29 


3.23 


1.82 


5.42 



412 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



Table LXXXV. — Per Cent, of Wage Earners in Each Industrial Class, 
BY Race, to the Total of Each Race. 



Industrial Class. 



1 Agents and salespeople 

2 Agricultural pursuits 

3 Apparel, workers on articles of 

4 Apprentices and helpers 

5 Bankers and brokers 

6 Building trades 

7 Clerical work 

8 Domestic and personal service 

9 Food and kindred products 

10 Government employees 

11 Hotel and restaurant keepers 

12 Jewelry, and gold and silver workers 

13 Laborers, excepting garden and nursery. . . . 

14 Liquors and beverages 

15 Lumber and its remanufacture 

16 Manufacture, baser metals 

17 Manufacture, miscellaneous establishments . 

18 Manufacture, textiles 

19 Merchants or dealers, retail 

20 Professional service 

21 Printing and publishing 

22 Trade, other persons in 

23 Transportation 

24 Industries not specified 



Total. 



5.02 
4.79 
3.93 

.93 

.28 
5.28 
3.91 
9.70 
1.21 
1.49 

.61 
3.75 
5.67 
1.08 

.63 
6.63 
5.08 
23.85 
2.62 
3.69 

.62 
1.59 
5.28 
2.46 



C3 (D 



6.96 

8.27 

2. 

.64 

.64 

5.64 

6.67 

10.49 

1.53 

2.05 

.79 

3.91 

3.30 

.37 

.66 

5.26 

5.91 

11.11 

3.44 

6.60 

.93 

1 

7.00 
3.28 






5.30 
2.47 
4.54 
1.07 

.17 
8.74 
4 
15.46 

.83 
1.01 
1.33 
4.03 
3.37 

.58 

.90 
8.35 
5.98 
14.24 
1.99 
3.88 

.71 
1.80 
5.88 
2.38 






3.63 

1.97 

3.75 

.86 

.13 

7.53 

1.13 

4.15 

1.14 

.56 

.28 

1.17 

6.01 

1.17 

.91 

4.97 

2.71 

48.37 

1.41 

1.42 

.22 

.62 

3.93 

1,96 



100.00 100.00 



100.00 10.000 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



413 



Table LXXXV. — Pee Cent, of Wage Eakners in Each Industrial Class, 
BY Race, to the Total op Each Race.— Concluded. 



















1 




OP-I 


73 d 

I—I HH 




it 

o a) 




Scotland 
Per cent. 


a a 

^ in 




4.37 


4.64 


4.84 


.99 


1.33 


8. SO 


5.48 


2.37 


2.92 


1.95 


2.61 


2.31 


5.38 


21.07 


9.99 


2.86 


5.09 


1.66 


2.32 


5.40 


4.58 


7.05 


7.31 


12.14 


2.67 


3.36 


5.69 


1.16 


.95 


.94 


1.76 


.65 


.44 


1.36 


1.75 


1.46 


.15 


.09 


.06 


.05 


.00 


.00 


.05 


.00 


.10 


4.55 


3.39 


4.57 


2.73 


3.08 


2.86 


5.81 


9.42 


2.03 


3.90 


3.37 


3.01 


.37 


.39 


1.86 


4.25 


2.28 


1.18 


5.56 


10.59 


13.23 


5.30 


9.48 


2.45 


8.03 


22.76 


8.80 


.59 


2.97 


.61 


1.47 


1.78 


1.97 


1.31 


.84 


1.99 


1.00 


1.16 


1.83 


1.85 


.62 


.15 


1.15 


.62 


.46 


.60 


.76 


.61 


.16 


.08 


.41 


.55 


.53 


.75 


5.00 


8.56 


4.06 


1.87 


.97 


.44 


3.38 


4.80 


4.37 


2.60 


2.22 


6.29 


22.83 


16.63 


2.56 


2.77 


3.69 


5.77 


.64 


3.79 


2.28 


1.45 


.70 


1.52 


.34 


.31 


.62 


.56 


1.21 


.43 


.11 


.52 


.56 


.43 


1.28 


.87 


10.33 


6.12 


7.99 


2.75 


4.60 


3.42 


9.65 


15.75 


5.95 


5.94 


6.95 


4.67 


4.26 


4.68 


4.86 


9.20 


4.22 


3.08 


36.72 


21.09 


24.20 


31.52 


5.59 


6.28 


26.59 


11.30 


37.46 


2.24 


2.90 


1.86 


2.01 


.63 


14.22 


2.60 


.84 


3.95 


2.83 


3.81 


2.50 


.89 


.26 


1.97 


3.27 


1.35 


1.83 


.75 


.63 


.53 


.09 


.10 


.33 


.74 


.26 


.57 


1.44 


1.33 


1.21 


1.48 


.29 


17.64 


1.34 


.82 


3.01 


3.01 


2.86 


5.81 


1.51 


15.82 


2.67 


3.10 


4.53 


2.04 


1.79 


2.60 


1.58 


2.12 


3.24 


2.64 


3.07 


1.83 


3.44 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100. OC 


100. OC 


100. OC 


100. 00 


100.00 


1 100.00 



414 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



Table LXXXVI. — Wage Earners, by Industrial Classes, by Place op 
Birth of Father, and by Sex. 



Industrial Class. 



Aggregate. 



United 
States. 



fa 



Canada, 
English. 



Canada, 
French. 



1 Agents and salespeople 

2 Agricultural pursuits 

3 Apparel, workers on articles of.. 

4 Apprentices and helpers 

5 Bankers and brokers 

6 Building trades 

7 Clerical work 

8 Domestic and personal service. . 

9 Food and kindred products 

10 Government employees 

1 1 Hotel and restaurant keepers . . . 

12 Jewelry, and gold and silver work- 

ers , 



13 Laborers, excepting garden and 
nursery 



14 Liquors and beverages 

15 Lumber and its remanufacture.. 

16 Manufacture, baser metals 



17 Manufacture, rniscellaneous es- 
tablishments .'. 



18 Manufacture, textile workers. 

19 Merchants or dealers, retail... 

20 Professional service 

21 Printing and publishing 

22 Trade, other persons in 

23 Transportation 

24 Industries not specified 



Total. 



11,257 
10,738 
8,809 
2,001 
621 
11,840 
8,742 
21,712 
2,710 
3,332 
1,378 

8,404 

12,483 
2,424 
1,423 

14,850 

53,424 
11,380 
5,862 
8,256 
1,390 
3,559 
11,840 
5,503 



224,038 



8,696 

10,448 

3,117 

2,061 

613 

11,840 

4,673 

7,766 

2,620 

3,207 

556 

5,981 

12,380 
2,413 
1,413 

13,910 

28,236 
9,840 
5,502 
5,044 
1,211 
3,076 

11,811 
4,307 



2,561 

290 

5,692 

40 



4,069 

13,946 

90 

125 

822 

2,423 

103 
11 
10 

940 

25,188 

1,540 

360 

3,212 

179 

483 

29 

1,196 



160,721 63,317 



4,408 

6,171 

306 

475 

487 

4,300 

2,878 

3,424 

1,119 

1,458 

267 

2,136 

2, 
280 
501 

3,710 

4,412 
4,024 
2,552 
2,984 
615 
1,024 
5,326 
1,' 



57,311 



890 

128 

1,893 

11 

3 



2,206 

4,568 

47 

102 

336 

842 

27 

4 

5 

294 

4,051 

478 

69 

2,040 

92 

242 

5 

531 



18,864 3,461 



208 
129 
54 
54 
9 
466 
117 
177 
44 
53 
10 

123 

17 
30 

48 
404 

336 

280 
95 

125 
30 
81 

312 



75 



149 

648 



1 
61 

92 

8 2 
1 



42 

424 
39 
11 
82 
8 
15 
2 
29 



819 
550 

320 
236 
36 
2,130 
174 
534 
318 
159 
31 

250 

1,691 
330 
258 

1,372 

7,193 
633 
381 
273 
59 
171 

1,112 
415 



208 

7 
739 

7 



146 

639 

5 

1 

48 



7 

1 

1 

33 

6,486 

134 

.17 

129 

2 

4 



140 



1,875 19,445 



8,835 



JSFativity and Race Factors. 



415 



Table LXXXVI. — ^Wage Earners, by Industrial Classes, by Place of Birth 
OF Father, and by Sex. — Concluded. 



England. 


Germany. 


Ireland. 


Italy. 


Portugal. 


Russia. 


Scotland 
and 

Wales. 


Sweden. 


Other. 
Countries. 


6 


a 


6 

"3 


1 

a 




0) 

1 


6 

"3 


0) 


-2 
"3 


"3 
S 


6 


89 


"3 


a 

"3 
S 

fa 


-3 


"3 
fa 


"3 


-3 

i 

fa 


767 


194 


171 


74 


1,515 


818 


80 


41 


46 


5 


148 


239 


79 


99 


31 


196 


57 


424 


5 


138 




1,093 


22 


549 


111 


803 


4 


10 


2 


162 


4 


275 


4 


144 




111 


400 


146 


139 


554 


1,655 


731 


134 


198 


82 


270 


57 


31 


124 


92 


92 


304 


189 


^56 


3 


47 


3 


444 


8 


216 


1 


24 


1 


12 




77 


2 


95 


1 


126 




31 
1,000 


1 


5 
179 




28 


3 


5 


1 










3 








9 






2,206 




335 




118 




77 




337 




516 




176 




462 


895 


93 


86 


646 


806 


35 


11 


8 


7 


21 


29 


124 


123 


54 


71 


61 


41 


530 


694 


321 


238 


1,329 


5,055 


558 


93 


103 


260 


44 


22 


134 


332 


141 


1,106 


471 


291 


127 


2 


154 


3 


284 


12 


166 


14 


68 




50 


3 


74 


2 


45 


1 


171 


1 


:216 


5 


60 


1 


869 


12 


226 




24 




4 




65 


2 


33 


1 


40 




51 


81 


24 


16 


92 


201 


7 


13 


1 


2 


10 


1 


3 


29 


10 


19 


50 


15 


1911 


188 


350 


102 


1,226 


730 


159 


71 


23 


14 


146 


123 


132 


64 


220 


43 


305 


73 


.^67 


4 


116 


1 


3,017 


16 


2,789 


14 


635 


2 


66 


3 


161 




201 


1 


473 


26 


141 




199 


1 


1,096 


4 


178 




27 




41 




20 




17 




54 




118 


2 


64 




205 


2 


14 




20 




15 




25 




70 




75 




:2,157 


115 


314 


c 


3,564 


292 


315 


23 


121 


55 


84 


8 


543 


17 


839 


24 


487 


28 


4,533 


3,543 


634 


479 


5,181 


6,493 


2,433 


1,437 


86 


128 


119 


50 


797 


747 


373 


246 


2,139 


1,104 


a,162 


145 


335 


32 


1,778 


473 


485 


38 


106 


80 


107 


19 


482 


52 


200 


31 


248 


19 


447 


45 


140 


13 


766 


133 


233 


14 


23 


1 


354 


29 


138 


13 


45 


1 


328 


14 


442 


181 


135 


66 


639 


567 


102 


7 


8 


2 


52 


1 


130 


60 


53 


21 


101 


56 


139 


26 


27 


6 


226 


30 


11 




4 




7 


2 


39 


4 


9 


5 


45 


4 


264 


54 


60 


10 


500 


82 


174 


8 


10 


1 


471 


4 


67 


11 


41 


4 


213 


48 


658 


5 


151 




2,794 


7 


185 




605 


1 


66 


6 


180 




247 


1 


175 


2 


326 


67 


113 


24 


630 


131 


217 


43 


80 


44 


62 


9 


131 


47 


81 


19 


186 


112 


15,840 


6,155 


3,976 


1,302 


30,682 


17,552 


10,202 


2,074 


3,141 


689 


2,236 


457 


4,094 


1,712 


3,756 


1,722 


6,577 


2,080 



416 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



Table LXXXVII. — Per Cent, of Wage Earners in Each Industrial Class^ 
BY Race and by Sex, to the Total Number of Each Sex in Each In- 
dustrial Class. 



Industrial Class. 



Aggregate. 



S 



United 
States. 



Canada, 
English. 



Canada, 
French. 



1 Agents and salespeople 

2 Agricultural pursuits 

3 Apparel, workers on articles of 

4 Apprentices and helpers 

5 Bankers and brokers 

6 Building trades 

7 Clerical work 

8 Domestic and personal service 

9 Food and kindred products 

10 Government employees 

11 Hotel and restaurant keepers 

12 Jewelry, and gold and silver workers. . 

13 Laborers, excepting garden and nursery 

14 Liquors and beverages 

15 Lumber and its reman ufacture 

16 Manufacture, baser metals 

17 Manufacture, iniscellaneous establish- 

ments 

18 Manufacture, textiles 

19 Merchants or dealers, retail 

20 Professional service 

21 Printing and publishing 

22 Trade, other persons in 

23 Transportation 

24 Industries, not specified 



100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 

100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 



77.25 
97.30 
35.38 
98.10 
98.71 
100.00 
53.45 
35.77 
96.68 
96.26 
40.35 
71.17 
99.30 
99.17 
99.55 
93.67 

86.47 
52.85 
93.86 
61.09 
87.12 
86.43 
99.76 
78.27 



22.75 
2.70 

64.62 
1.90 
1.29 



46.55 

64.23 

3.32 

3.75 

59.65 

28.83 

70 35 

.83 

.45 

6.33 

13.53 
47.15 
6.14 
38.91 
12.88 
13.57 
.24 
21.73 



50. 
59.06 

9.87 
23.05 
79.45 
36.32 
61.59 
44.09 
42.71 
45.46 
48.02 
35.71 

46 5 
20.08 
11.60 
26.67 

40.89 
15.63 
46.39 
59.16 
50.78 
33.29 
45.09 
45.69 



34.75 
44.14 
33.25 
27.50 
37.50 

54.22 
32.75 
52.22 
81.60 
40.88 
34.75 
0.00 
26.22 
36.37 
31.28 

31.04 
16.08 
19.17 
63.51 
51.40 
50.10 
17.24 
44.40 



2.39 

1.23 

1.73 

2.62 

1.47 

3.93 

2.50 

2.28 

I. 

1.65 

I 

2.06 

3.40 

1.44 

1.24 

2.91 

2.85 
1. 19 
1.73 
2.48 
2.48 
2.63 
2.64 
2.27 



2.93 
1.03 
3.30 
7.50 



42 8.12 
27 2.41 
27 12.98 
45 17.50 



3.66 
4.65 



.80 
7.42 
3.80 



1.94 
9.09 

4.46 

2.53 
1.68 
3.05 
2.55 
4.47 
3.10 
6.90 
2.42 



5.87 




17.99 




3.72 


3.59 


6.88 


4.58 


12.14 


5.56 


4.96 


.80 


5.57 


5.84 


4.18 


3.34 


18.26 


10.00 


13.66 


6.80 


13.68 


9,09 


9.86 


3.51 


6.43 


8.70' 


25.47 


25.75 


6.92 


4.72' 


5.41 


4.02 


4.87 


1.12 


5.56 


.83 


9.42 




9.64 


II. 71 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



417 



Table LXXXVII. — Per Cent, of Wage Earners in each Industrial Class 
BY Race and by Sex, to the Total Number of Each Sex in Each In- 
dustrial Class. — Concluded. 



England. 


Germaxiy. 


Ireland. 


Italy. 


Portugal. 


Russia. 


Scotland 

and 

Wales. 


Sweden. 


Other 
Coun- 
tries. 




_aj 

s 




6 
■a 

1 


6 


aj 

i 


6 


a 


1 

-a 


6 

a 

fa 


i 


6 

i 
fa 


.2 


i 
fa 


6 
'3 


a 

fa 
1.21 


6 
2.25 


.2 

i 
fa 


8.82 


7.57 


1.97 


2.89 


17.42 


31.94 


.92 


1.60 


.53 


.20 


1.70 


3.48 


2.75 


3.08 


1.14 


2.23 


4.06 


1.72 


1.32 




10.46 


7.59 


5.25 


38.28 


7.69 


1.38 


.10 


.69 


1.55 


1.33 


2.63 


1.38 


1.38 




3.56 


7.03 


4.69 


2.44 


17.78 


29.08 


23.45 


2.36 


6.35 


1.44 


8.66 


1.00 


.94 


2.18 


2.95 


1.62 


9.75 


3.32 


12.41 


7.50 


2.28 


7.50 


21.54 


20.00 


10.43 


2.50 


1.17 


2.50 


.58 




3.74 


5.00 


4.61 


2.50 


6.12 




5.06 
8.44 


12.50 


81 




4 57 


37 50 


81 


12 50 










49 








1 47 




1.51 




18.63 




2.83 




1.00 




.65 




2.85 




4.36 




1.49 




9.89 


9.71 


1.99 


2.09 


13.82 


19.81 


.75 


.27 


.17 


.17 


.45 


.71 


2.65 


3.02 


1.16 


1.74 


1.31 


1.01 


6.82 


4.98 


4.13 


1.71 


17.11 


36.25 


7.19 


.67 


1.33 


1.86 


.57 


.15 


1.72 


2.38 


1.82 


7.93 


6.06 


2.09 


4.85 


2.22 


5.88 


3.33 


10.84 


13.34 


6.33 


15.56 


2.59 




1.91 


3.33 


2.82 


2.22 


1.72 


1.11 


6.53 


1.11 


6.73 


4.00 


1.87 


.80 


27.10 


9.60 


7.05 




.75 




.12 




2.03 


1.60 


1.03 


.80 


1.25 




9.17 


9.86 


4.32 


1.95 


16.55 


24.45 


1.26 


1.68 


.18 


.24 


1.80 


.12 


.54 


3.53 


1.80 


2.31 


8.99 


1.82 


15.23 


7.76 


5.85 


4.21 


20.50 


30.13 


2.66 


2.93 


.38 


.58 


2.44 


5.08 


2.21 


2.64 


3.68 


1.77 


5.10 


3.01 


4.58 


3.88 


.94 


.97 


24.37 


15.54 


22.53 


13.59 


5.13 


1.94 


.53 


2.91 


1.30 




1.62 


.97 


3.82 


25.24 


5.84 




8.25 


9.09 


45.42 


36.36 


7.38 




1.12 




1.70 




.83 




.70 




2.24 




8.35 


20.00 


4.53 




14.51 


20.00 


.99 




1.41 




1.06 




1.77 




4.95 




5.31 




15.51 


12.24 


2.26 


.96 


25.62 


31.06 


2.27 


2.45 


.87 


5.85 


.60 


.85 


3.90 


1.81 


6.03 


2.55 


3.50 


2.98 


11.81 


9.42 


3.40 


2.08 


18.07 


30.72 


4.93 


2.47 


1.08 


5.19 


1.09 


1 
1.23 4.90 


3.38 


2.03 


2.01 


2.52 


1.23 


16.05 


14.07 


2.25 


1.90 


18.35 


25.77 


8.62 


5.71 


.30 


.51 


.42 


.20 2.82 


2.97 


1.32 


.98 


7.58 


4.38 


8.13 


12.50 


2.54 


3.61 


13.92 


36.94 


4.23 


3.89 


.42 


.28 


6.43 


8.06 2.51 


3.61 


.82 


.28 


5.96 


3.89 


8.76 


5.64 


2.68 


2.06 


12.67 


17.6.5 


2.02 


.22 


.16 


.06 


1.03 


.03 2.58 


1.8? 


1.03 


.65 


2.00 


1.74 


11.48 


14.53 


2.23 


3.35 


18.66 


16.76 


.91 




.33 




.58 


1.12 3.22 


2.23 


.74 


2.79 


3.72 


2.23 


8.58 


11.18 


1.95 


2.07 


16.26 


16.98 


5.66 


1.65 


.33 


.21 


15.31 


.83 2.18 


2.28 


1.33 


.83 


6.92 


9.94 


5.57 


17.24 


1.28 




23.66 


24.14 


1.57 




5.12 


3.45 


.56 


20.68 1.52 




2.09 


3.45 


1.48 


6.90 


7.57 


5.60 


2.62 


.2.01 


14.63 


10.95 


5.04 


3.60 


1.86 


3.68 


1.44 


.75 3.04 


3.93 


1.88 


1.59 


4.32 


9.36 



418 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



Table LXXXVIII. — Per Cent, of Wage Earners in Each Industrial. 
Class, by Sex, to the Total Number of Each Sex in Each Race. 



Industrial Class. 



All nation- 
alities. 



United 
States. 



Canada, 
English. 



Canada, 
French. 



England. 



1 Agents and salespeople.. . 

2 Agricultural pursuits 

3 Apparel, workers on arti 

cles of 

4 Apprentices and helpers . . 

5 Bankers and brokers 

6 Building trades 

7 Clerical work 

8 Domestic and personal ser 

vice 

9 Food and kindred products 

10 Government employees 

1 1 Hotel and restaurant keep- 

ers 

12 Jewelry, and gold and silver 

workers 

13 Laborers, excepting garden 

and nursery 

14 Liquor and beverages . . . 

15 Lumber and its remanu- 

facture 

16 Manufacture, baser metals. 

17 Manufacture, miscellaneous 

establishments 

18 Manufacture, textiles. . . 

19 Merchants or dealers, retail 

20 Professional service 

21 Printing and publishing . . 

22 Trade, other persons in . . . 

23 Transportation 

24 Industries, not specified . . 



5.41 
6.50 

1.94 
1.28 
.38 
7.37 
2.91 

4.83 
1.63 
2.00 

.35 

3.72 

7.70 
1.50 



6.12 
17.57 
3.42 
3.14 
.75 
1.91 
7.35 
2.68 

100.00 



4.04 

.46 

8.99 
.06 
.01 



6.43 

22.03 
.14 
.20 

1.30 

3.83 

.16 
.02 

.02 
1. 

2.43 
39.78 

.57 
5.07 
.28 
.76 
.05 
1.89 

100.00 



7.69 
10.77 

.53 

.83 

.85 

7.50 

5.02 

5.98 
1.95 
2.55 

.47 

3.73 

4.34 
.49 

.87 
6.47 

7.02 
7.70 
4.45 
5.21 
1.07 
1.79 
9.29 
3.43 

100.00 



4.72 
.68 

10.03 
.06 
.02 



11.69 

24.22 
.25 
.54 

1.78 

4.46 

.14 

.02 

.03 

1.56 

2.53 

21.48 

.37 

10.81 

.49 

1.28 

.03 

2.81 

100.00 



6.01 
3.73 

1.56 

1..56 

.26 

13.47 

3.38 

5.12 
1.27 
1.53 

.29 

3.55 

5.14 

.87 

1.39 
11.67 

8.09 
9.71 

2.74 
3.61 
.87 
2.34 
9.01 
2.83 

100.00 



4.00 
.16 

10.03 
.16 



7.95 
34.56 



.05 

3.25 

4.91 

.11 
.05 



2.24 

2.08 

22.61 

.59 

4.37 
.42 
.80 
.11 

1.55 

100.00 



4.21 
2.83 

1.65 
1.21 

.19 
10.95 

.89 

2.75 

1.64 

.82 

.16 

1.29 

8.70 
.170 

1.32 
7.05 

3.26 

36.99 

1.96 

1.40 

.30 

.88 

5.72 

2.13 

100.00 



2.35 
.08 

8.37 
.08 



1.65 

7.23 
.06 
.01 

.54 

.92 

.08 
.01 

.01 
.37 

1.53 

73.41 

.19 

1.46 
.02 
.05 



1.58 



100,00 



4.84 
2. 

.70 
1.62 

.19 
6.31 
2.92 

3.35 

.80 

1.36 

.32 

5.75 

3.58 
.89 

.74 
13.62 

7.34 
28.62 
2.82 
2.79 
.88 
1.67 
4.15 
2.06 

100.00 



3.15 
.08 

6.50' 
.05' 
.02 



6.42 

11.27 
.03 
.08 

1.32 

3.05 

.06 



.03 

1.87 

2.36 
57.56 

^73 
2.94 

.42 



1.10 



100.00 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



419 



Table LXXXVIII. — Per Cent, of Wage Eakners in Each Industrial Class, by 
Sex, to the Total Number of Each Sex in Each Race. — Concluded. 



Germany. 


Ireland. 


Italy. 


Portugal. 


Russia. 


Scotland 

and 
Wales. 


Sweden. 


Other 
Countries. 


.2 


6 


6 
■^ 
g 


6 

s 


1^ 


a 
fa 




6 


6 


1 


6 


6 
fa 




4 

i 
fa 


■2 


6 

-a 

1 


4.30 


5.68 


4.94 


4.66 


.78 


1.98 


1.46 


.72 


6.62 


19.48 


5.84 


4.62 


2.63 


1.80 


2.98 


2.74 


3.47 




3.56 


.13 


5.38 


5.35 


25.56 


.58 


.45 


.44 


3.96 


.23 


7.32 


.23 


2.19 




3.67 


10.67 


1.81 


9.43 


7.16 


6.46 


6.30 


11.90 


12.07 


12.47 


.76 


7.24 


2.45 


5.34 


4.62 


9.09 


1.18 


.23 


1.45 


.05 


2.11 


.05 


.76 


.16 


.54 




1.88 


.12 


2.53 


.06 


1.92 




.13 




.09 

7.18 


.02 


.05 
3.28 


.05 










.07 
8.23 








.14 

2.67 




4.50 


3.76 




3.44 






13.74 






2.34 


6.53 


2.10 


4.59 


.34 


.53 


.25 


1.01 


.94 


6.35 


3.03 


7.19 


1.44 


4.12 


.93 


1.97 


8.07 


18.28 


4.33 


28.80 


5.47 


4.48 


3.28 


37.73 


1.98 


4.28 


3.27 


19.39 


3.75 


64.23 


7.16 


13.99 


5.87 


.23 


.93 


.07 


1.63 


.68 


2.16 




2.24 


.88 


1.81 


.12 


1.20 


.06 


2.60 


.05 


1.51 


.08 


2.83 


.07 


2.21 




.79 




.18 




1.59 


.12 


.88 


.06 


.61 




.60 


1.23 


.30 


1.14 


.07 


.63 


.03 


.29 


.45 


.22 


.07 


1.69 


.27 


1.10 


.76 


.72 


8.80 


7.83 


4.00 


4.16 


1.55 


3.42 


.73 


2.03 


6.53 


26.92 


3.23 


3.74 


5.86 


2.50 


4.64 


3.51 


2.92 


.08 


9.83 


.09 


27.34 


.67 


20.22 


.29 


2.95 


.66 


3.93 




5.35 


.06 


7.19 


1.25 


5.01 


.08 


3.57 


.02 


1.75 




.86 




1.83 




.49 




.45 




.82 




1.61 




.67 


.01 


.15 




.64 




.67 




.61 




1.86 




1.14 




7.90 


.69 


11.61 


1.66 


3.09 


1.11 


3.85 


7.98 


3.76 


1.75 


13.27 


.99 


22.34 


1.39 


7.40 


1.35 


8.43 


2.46 


5.79 


2.69 


4.75 


1.83 


3.37 


11.61 


4.78 


4.16 


11.77 


3.04 


5.32 


1.80 


3.77 


.91 


15.94 


36.79 


16.89 


36.99 


23.85 


69.29 


2.74 


18.58 


5.32 


10.94 


19.47 


43.63 


9.93 


14.29 


32.52 


53.08 


3.52 


1.00 


2.50 


.76 


2.28 


.67 


.73 


.15 


15.83 


6.35 


3.37 


.76 


1.20 


.06 


4.99 


.67 


3.40 


5.07 


2.09 


3.23 


1.00 


.34 


.25 


.29 


2.33 


.22 


3.17 


3.50 


1.41 


1.22 


1.54 


2.69 


.68 


.46 


.74 


.17 


.11 




.13 




.31 


.44 


.95 


.23 


.24 


.29 


.68 


.19 


1.51 


.77 


1.63 


.47 


1.71 


.39 


.32 


.15 


21.06 


.88 


1.64 


.64 


1.09 


.23 


3.24 


2.30 


3.80 




9.11 


.04 


1.81 




19.26 


.15 


2.95 


1.31 


4.39 




6.58 


.06 


2.66 


.10 


2.84 


1.84 


2.05 


.75 


2.13 


2.07 


2.55 


6.39 


2.77 


1.93 


3.20 


2.75 


2.16 


1.10 


2.83 


5.39 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 



420 



Nativity and Race Factors. 






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Nativity and Race Factors. 



421 









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422 



Nativity and Race Factors. 



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12; 










^ 

























Nativity and Race Factors. 



423 



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3 

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NATIVITY AND RACE FACTORS 



RHODE ISLAND 



CAROL ARONOVICI, 



Reprint from the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Industrial 
Statistics of Rhode Island for 1909. 



rROVIDENCE: 

K. L. FREKMAN COMPANY, STATK PRINTERS, 

1 ! , 



